Turning Waste into Soil Conditioner with a Sustainable Innovative Approach: Biochar †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Biochar’s Building Blocks
3.1. Synthesis of Biochar
3.2. Biochar as a Soil Ameliorator and Conditioner
4. Results
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ultimate Analysis (%) | Proximate Analysis (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw Material | C | H | N | Ash Content | Moisture |
Sugar cane | 73 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 49 | 1.5 |
Pine nut shell | 79 | 3.76 | 0.89 | 2.51 | 5.20 |
Peanut shell | 84 | 1.75 | 1.14 | 3.46 | 9.75 |
Soybean stover | 82 | 4.29 | 1.88 | 2.64 | 5.86 |
Banana peel | 36 | 0.25 | 1.94 | 9.28 | 12 |
Corn cob | 62 | 7.5 | 1.02 | 2.30 | 12.8 |
Herb tea waste | 45 | 5.91 | 2.61 | 13.4 | 7.26 |
Macadamia husk | 52 | 5.77 | 0.33 | 1.53 | 6.90 |
Mango seed | 46 | 5.54 | 0.89 | 1.38 | 4.97 |
Passion shell | 42 | 5.47 | 0.62 | 1.46 | 3.15 |
Pistachio husk | 48 | 5.32 | 0.34 | 5.61 | 7.83 |
Rice husk | 42 | 6.34 | 1.85 | 15.1 | 10.9 |
Walnut shell | 47 | 7.90 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 4.50 |
Tea waste | 52 | 6.31 | 2.46 | 4.36 | 2.24 |
Spent coffee | 57 | 7.70 | 2.74 | 2.06 | 36.2 |
Parameter | FP 1 | SP 1 | G 1 | PP 1 | HC 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heat | ˜500 °C | <400 °C | 600–1800 °C | <300 °C | 180–260 °C |
Heating rate | 1000 °C/min | <80 °C | - | - | 5–10 °C |
Reaction rime | A few seconds | A few hours or days | - | <2 h | 5–720 min |
Pressure | 101.325 Pa | 101.325 Pa or 1MPa | 101.325 Pa/8 MPa | 101.325 Pa | 1–4.7 MPa |
Environment | No oxygen | Limited oxygen | Limited oxygen | No oxygen | PW 1 |
Bio-oil | 75% | 30% | 5% | 5% | 5–25% |
Synthesis gas | 13% | 35% | 85% | 15% | 2–5% |
Biochar | 12% | 35% | 10% | 80% | 45–70% |
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Çelebi, H.; Bahadır, T.; Şimşek, İ.; Tulun, Ş. Turning Waste into Soil Conditioner with a Sustainable Innovative Approach: Biochar. Eng. Proc. 2023, 56, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16356
Çelebi H, Bahadır T, Şimşek İ, Tulun Ş. Turning Waste into Soil Conditioner with a Sustainable Innovative Approach: Biochar. Engineering Proceedings. 2023; 56(1):149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16356
Chicago/Turabian StyleÇelebi, Hakan, Tolga Bahadır, İsmail Şimşek, and Şevket Tulun. 2023. "Turning Waste into Soil Conditioner with a Sustainable Innovative Approach: Biochar" Engineering Proceedings 56, no. 1: 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16356