Incubation and Larval Development Durations of Sterlet (A. ruthenus LINNAEUS 1758) in River Water Rearing under Near-Natural Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Gamete Collection and Incubation
2.2. Embryos from Other Sources
2.3. From Egg Incubation until Hatching
2.4. From Hatching until Feeding
2.5. Daily Temperature Fluctuations
3. Results
3.1. From Incubation until Hatch
3.2. From Hatch until Feeding
4. Discussion
4.1. From Incubation until Hatch
4.2. From Hatch until Feeding
4.3. Conservational Aspects
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Dudgeon, D.; Arthington, A.H.; Gessner, M.O.; Kawabata, Z.-I.; Knowler, D.J.; Lévêque, C.; Naiman, R.J.; Prieur-Richard, A.-H.; Soto, D.; Stiassny, M.L.J.; et al. Freshwater biodiversity: Importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biol. Rev. 2006, 81, 163–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vörösmarty, C.J.; McIntyre, P.B.; Gessner, M.O.; Dudgeon, D.; Prusevich, A.; Green, P.; Glidden, S.; Bunn, S.E.; Sullivan, C.A.; Liermann, C.R.; et al. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 2010, 467, 555–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- IUCN. Sturgeon More Critically Endangered than Any Other Group of Species|IUCN. Available online: https://www.iucn.org/content/sturgeon-more-critically-endangered-any-other-group-species (accessed on 15 December 2023).
- Birstein, V.J. Sturgeons and Paddlefishes: Threatened Fishes in Need of Conservation. Conserv. Biol. 1993, 7, 773–787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, F.; Zarfl, C.; Bremerich, V.; David, J.N.W.; Hogan, Z.; Kalinkat, G.; Tockner, K.; Jähnig, S.C. The global decline of freshwater megafauna. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2019, 25, 3883–3892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ludwig, A.; Lippold, S.; Debus, L.; Reinartz, R. First evidence of hybridization between endangered sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus) and exotic Siberian sturgeons (Acipenser baerii) in the Danube River. Biol. Invasions 2008, 11, 753–760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available online: https://www.iucnredlist.org/ja (accessed on 27 November 2023).
- Bloesch, J.; Jones, T.; Reinartz, R.; Striebel, B. An action plan for the conservation of sturgeons (acipenseridae) in the Danube River Basin. Osterr. Wasser Abfallwirtsch. 2006, 58, 81–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hensel, K.; Holčík, J. Past and current status of sturgeons in the upper and middle Danube River. In Sturgeon Biodiversity and Conservation; Birstein, V.J., Waldman, J.R., Bemis, W.E., Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Norwell, MA, USA, 1997; Volume 17, pp. 185–200. [Google Scholar]
- Wolfram, G.; Mikschi, E. Rote Liste der Fische (Pisces) Österreichs. In Rote Liste gefährdeter Tiere Österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 2: Kriechtiere, Lurche, Fische, Nachtfalter, Weichtiere; Grüne Reihe des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft; Zulka, K.P., Wallner, R., Eds.; Böhlau: Wien, Austria, 2007; Volume 14/2, pp. 61–198. [Google Scholar]
- Friedrich, T. Danube Sturgeons: Past and Future. In Riverine Ecosystem Management; Schmutz, S., Sendzimir, J., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 507–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friedrich, T.; Lieckfeldt, D.; Ludwig, A. Genetic Assessment of Remnant Sub-Populations of Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758) in the Upper Danube. Diversity 2022, 14, 893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neuburg, J.; Friedrich, T. First description of a remnant population of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus, LINNAEUS 1758) in the eastern Austrian Danube. J. Nat. Conserv. 2023, 75, 126473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friedrich, T.; Gessner, J.; Reinartz, R.; Striebel-Greiter, B. Pan-European Action Plan for Sturgeons. In Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitat; WSCS and WWF: Strasbourg, France, 2018; p. 85. Available online: https://rm.coe.int/pan-european-action-plan-for-sturgeons/16808e84f3 (accessed on 21 December 2023).
- Chebanov, M.; Galich, E. Sturgeon Hatchery Manual; FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture: Rome, Italy, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Dettlaff, T.A.; Ginsburg, A.S.; Schmalhausen, O.I. Sturgeon Fishes: Developmental Biology and Aquaculture; Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin, Germany, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Hochleithner, M.; Gessner, J. The Sturgeons and Paddlefishes of the World; AquaTech Publications: Kitzbühel, Austria, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Holčík, J. The Freshwater Fishes of Europe, Volume 1, Part II. In General Introduction to Fishes Acipenseriformes; AULA-Verlag GmbH: Wiesbaden, Germany, 1989; Volume 1. [Google Scholar]
- Gela, D.; Kahanec, M.; Rodina, M. Metodika Odchovu Raných Stadií Jeseterovitých Ryb, 1. Vydání. České Budějovice: Jihočeská Univerzita, Fakulta Rybářství a Ochrany Vod. 2012, p. 24. Available online: https://www.frov.jcu.cz/images/FROV/veda-a-vyzkum/metodiky/126_MET.pdf (accessed on 3 January 2024).
- Manea, G.I. Contribuţii la studiul sturionilor din apele României şi al reproducerii lor în legătură cu construcţiile hidrotehnice pe Dunărea Inferioară. Bul. Inst. Cercet. Proiectări Piscic. Anul XXVII 1968, 31–94. [Google Scholar]
- Igumnova, L.V. Vremennye zakonomernosti zarodyshevogo razvitiya sterlyadi. Ontogenez 1985, 16, 67–73. [Google Scholar]
- Shmidtov, A.I. Sterlyad’ (Acipenser ruthenus L.). Uchenye Zap. Kazan. Gos Un-Ta 1939, 99, 279. [Google Scholar]
- Williot, P.; Arlati, G.; Chebanov, M.; Gulyas, T.; Kasimov, R.; Kirschbaum, F.; Patriche, N.; Pavlovskaya, L.P.; Poliakova, L.; Pourkazemi, M.; et al. Status and Management of Eurasian Sturgeon: An Overview. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 2002, 87, 483–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herzig, A.; Winkler, H. Der Einfluß der Temperatur auf die embryonale Entwicklung der Cypriniden. Osterr. Fisch. 1985, 38, 182–196. [Google Scholar]
- Eckes, O.T.; Aloisi, D.B.; Sandheinrich, M.B. Egg and Larval Development Index for Lake Sturgeon. N. Am. J. Aquac. 2015, 77, 211–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
ID | Year | Origin | Arrival Danube Water Incubation [°D] | Average Temperature Start Hatch [°C] | ±SD | Min [°C] | Max [°C] | Start Hatch [°D] | Start Hatch [Days] | Hatch Duration [Days] | Average Temperature Start Feeding [°C] | ±SD | Min [°C] | Max [°C] | Start Feeding [°D] | Start Feeding [Days] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2017 | DE | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 11.3 | 0.89 | 10 | 12.9 | 271 | 24 |
2 | 2018 | HU | 64 | 13.2 * | 0.2 | 13.0 | 13.7 | 130 | - | - | 14.6 | 0.9 | 13.1 | 16.0 | 174 | 12 |
3 | 2018 | AT | - | 14.5 | 0.6 | 14.0 | 16.0 | 120 | 8 | 3 | 15.6 | 0.5 | 14.6 | 16.2 | 171 | 11 |
4 | 2018 | AT | - | 15.2 | 0.4 | 14.6 | 16.0 | 106 | 7 | 3 | 15.7 | 0.5 | 14.6 | 16.2 | 173 | 11 |
5 | 2019 | HU | 52 | 10.2 * | 0.4 | 9.8 | 10.8 | 104 | - | - | 11.7 | 0.6 | 10.4 | 12.7 | 187 | 16 |
6 | 2019 | AT | - | 11.4 | 0.7 | 10.0 | 12.2 | 103 | 9 | 9 | 11.3 | 0.7 | 10.2 | 12.7 | 204 | 18 |
7 | 2019 | AT | - | 10.8 | 0.4 | 10.2 | 11.3 | 108 | 10 | 6 | 12.2 | 1.0 | 10.4 | 13.7 | 159 | 13 |
8 | 2019 | DE | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 11.2 | 0.7 | 10.3 | 12.5 | 169 | 15 |
9 | 2020 | HU | 60 | 12.1 * | 0.4 | 11.8 | 12.8 | 109 | - | - | 13.2 | 0.6 | 11.8 | 14.2 | 212 | 16 |
10 | 2020 | AT | - | 13.4 | 0.3 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 107 | 8 | 6 | 14.2 | 0.4 | 13.5 | 14.8 | 212 | 15 |
11 | 2020 | AT | - | 14.5 | 0.5 | 13.8 | 15.3 | 145 | 10 | 6 | 15.9 | 0.5 | 14.2 | 15.8 | 194 | 13 |
12 | 2021 | HU | 64 | 9.7 * | 0.5 | 8.7 | 10.6 | 151 | - | - | 12.1 | 1.6 | 9.4 | 14.3 | 218 | 18 |
13 | 2021 | AT | - | 11.8 | 1.3 | 10.3 | 14.2 | 118 | 10 | 6 | 14 | 0.4 | 13.2 | 14.7 | 209 | 15 |
14 | 2022 | AT | - | 12 | 0.5 | 11.3 | 12.7 | 108 | 9 | 5 | 14.4 | 0.9 | 12.7 | 15.6 | 173 | 12 |
15 | 2023 | HU | 68 | 9.2 * | 0.9 | 8.2 | 11.2 | 151 | - | - | 11.9 | 1.0 | 10.5 | 13.8 | 191 | 12 |
16 | 2023 | AT | - | 12.2 | 1.0 | 10.5 | 13.1 | 110 | 9 | 9 | 12.9 | 0.6 | 11.9 | 14.0 | 155 | 16 |
Reference | Temperature [°C] | Degree Hour [°h] | Day-Degrees [°D] | Days |
---|---|---|---|---|
Igmnova [21] | 10 | 133 | >13.3 | |
Shmidtov [22] | 10–11 | 90–77 | 9–7 | |
Shmidtov [22] | 13 | 52–65 | 4–5 | |
Manea [20] | 13 | 2140 | 89 | 6.8 |
Hochleithner and Gessner [17] | 13 | 52–65 | 4–5 | |
Manea [20] | 13–16 | 2300 | 96 | 7.4–6 |
Gela et al. [19] | 15 | 90 | 6 | |
Manea [20] | 16–18 | 1920 | 80 | 5–4.4 |
Gela et al. [19] | 17.8 | 89 | 5 | |
Igmunova [21] | 20 | 67 | <3.3 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Eichhorn, H.; Friedrich, T. Incubation and Larval Development Durations of Sterlet (A. ruthenus LINNAEUS 1758) in River Water Rearing under Near-Natural Conditions. Ecologies 2024, 5, 248-255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies5020016
Eichhorn H, Friedrich T. Incubation and Larval Development Durations of Sterlet (A. ruthenus LINNAEUS 1758) in River Water Rearing under Near-Natural Conditions. Ecologies. 2024; 5(2):248-255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies5020016
Chicago/Turabian StyleEichhorn, Heidrun, and Thomas Friedrich. 2024. "Incubation and Larval Development Durations of Sterlet (A. ruthenus LINNAEUS 1758) in River Water Rearing under Near-Natural Conditions" Ecologies 5, no. 2: 248-255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies5020016