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Communication

A New Rapid and Specific Iodination Reagent for Phenolic Compounds

by
Till Hauenschild
1,2 and
Dariush Hinderberger
1,*
1
Institute of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry—Complex Self-Organizing Systems, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
2
Toxicology—Drug & Medical Analytics, R&D, Head of Laboratory (“General Unknown Screening”), MVZ Medizinische Labore Dessau Kassel GmbH—Limbach Gruppe SE, Bauhüttenstraße 6, 06847 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Organics 2023, 4(2), 137-145; https://doi.org/10.3390/org4020011
Submission received: 21 December 2022 / Revised: 23 March 2023 / Accepted: 29 March 2023 / Published: 4 April 2023
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Abstract

A new rapid iodination reagent, N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate, was synthesized in a modification of the established synthesis of 2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-dimethylphenol in the presence of bis(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I) hexafluorophosphate and used for the precise post-modification of mono- and trisubstituted phenyl compounds. We performed triple iodinations with our new phenyl-based compounds as a proof of principle of selected types of phenols, ß-sympatholytic agents and their spin-labeled derivatives, which can be employed in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The new rapid iodination reagent can be employed with high reactivity and regioselectivity.

1. Introduction

Multistep reactions of the Sandmeyer type using diazonium salt formation are a well-established method of achieving some ‘hard to access’ substitution patterns of iodoarenes that are not achievable via direct substitution [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Beyond these reactions, a broad variety of metal-based and metal-free one-pot (or two-step) syntheses to form arene C-I bonds with appropriate regioselectivity have been developed in the past few decades [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33].
The metal-free post-modification of selected phenols to obtain the iodinated compounds, e.g., 2,4,6-triodo-3,5-dimethylphenol [34], can be achieved with bis-(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I) hexafluorophosphate 2 (see Figure 1), as reported in the work of Brunei and coworkers (1995) [34] and Homsi and coworkers (2000) [35]. Herein, we report a two-step synthesis of a new s-triazine-based rapid iodination reagent, N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate (FIC*17*), in the following abbreviated with 1 (see Figure 1, Scheme 1 and Table 1).
Derived from the established iodination reagent 2 (see Figure 1) [35], 1 serves as triple-iodonium-ion (I+) donor and at identical iodine turnover, three activated I+ are available per used mole of reagent 1 instead of one I+ (as is the case for 2), and we can achieve very high yields, as shown below (95–99%). In 1, both reactants used for its synthesis, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine as a water-soluble liquid and 2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine as a water-insoluble solid, are recyclable after completion of the iodination process. The recyclability of both reactants is an important environmental advantage and it reduces the follow-up costs in the recovery of 1. A further reason for the choice of the water-insoluble 2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine instead of the water-soluble 2,4,6-trimethyl-s-triazine as a reactant is that the phenyl groups around the basic triazine compound have experimentally been shown to stabilize each I+ better than the corresponding methyl groups in 2. We ascribe this stabilization to the interactions between iodonium ions and the aromatic phenyl group π-electron system of 2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine and π-π interactions to 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine by itself. By using 2,4,6-trimethyl-s-triazine instead 2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine as a reagent, for example, no additional stabilization effects are observed.
Apart from the work of Brunei et al. (1995) [34], 1 is well suited for the post-modifications of aromatic ß-sympatholytic agents, e.g., (2R,2S)-1-(isopropylamino)-3-phenoxypropan-2-ol (see Table 1, entry 3) and (2R,2S)-1-(3,5-dimethylphenoxy)-3-(iso-propylamino)propan-2-ol (see Table 1, entry 4), and their spin-labeled derivatives (see Table 1, entries 5–6) under mild reaction conditions.

2. Materials and Methods

Materials. All commercial chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (St. Louis, MO, USA), TCI Deutschland GmbH (Eschborn, Germany), AppliChem GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany), Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany), VWR International GmbH (Radnor, PA, USA) and ACROS Organics (Verona, Italy) in their highest purity grade and were used without further purification unless otherwise noted. All commercially used phenols, N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N,N′-diisopropylthiourea ([iPr]2-thiourea), potassium bromide (KBr), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6), 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine, (R,S)-epichlorhydrin, (R,S)-glycidyl tosylate, isopropylamine and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), were received from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3), sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were received from AppliChem GmbH, and the stabilized nitroxide radical, 4-carboxy-TEMPO, was obtained from TCI Deutschland GmbH. All solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, ≥99.5%, EP, USP testing specifications)), ACROS Organics (dichloromethane (DCM), 99.9%, extra-dry, stabilized, AcroSeal®; 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), 99+%, extra-dry, stabilizer-free, AcroSeal®), VWR International GmbH (acetone, puriss., p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.5% (GC), Riedel-de Haen) or Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG (ethanol (EtOH), ROTISOLV®, HPLC Gradient Grade; n-hexane, ROTISOLV®, HPLC; ethyl acetate, ROTISOLV®, HPLC; diethyl ether (DEE), ROTISOLV®, ≥99.8%, Pestilyse®, stab.; petroleum ether, ROTIPURAN®, p.a., ACS, ISO; acetonitrile (MeCN), ROTIDRY®, ≥99.9%, ≤10 ppm H2O) and used as received for thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography and recrystallization. The solvents required for chemical reactions were dried using the respective standard methods and stored over the appropriate molecular sieves when they were not available in anhydrous form from the corresponding suppliers. For all reactions carried out under inert gas conditions, argon 5.0 from Linde AG was used as a protective gas. For filtration of organic solutions, 0.2 µm PTFE syringe filters (Rotilabo® syringe filter, Ø 25 mm, pore size: 0.20 µm, membrane: PTFE, housing material: PE) from Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG were exclusively used unless otherwise mentioned in the following reaction descriptions. Furthermore, Milli-Q water (H2Odd) of type 1 from Merck Millipore GmbH was exclusively used for the preparation of aqueous salt solutions, purification of the obtained crude products by extraction, etc.
Instrumental techniques. (a) NMR spectroscopy. The 1H- and 13C(APT)-NMR spectra were measured at 27 °C with an Agilent Technologies VNMRS 400 MHz NMR spectrometer or Agilent Technologies DD2 500 MHz NMR spectrometer, in which the referencing was carried out to the signal of the deuterated solvent (CDCl3, DMSO-d6 or THF-d8). The chemical shifts (δ-values) of the NMR data are given in ppm relative to the internal standard tetramethylsilane (TMS). All 13C(APT)-NMR experiments were always measured under proton decoupling. The measured values were indicated as follows: Experiment. NMR (measuring frequency, solvent): δ [ppm] = δ-value (spin multiplicity, coupling constant(s), number of nuclei, if necessary). The coupling constants (xJa,b) are given in Hertz (Hz), in which the superscript number x gives the estimated number of bonds between the coupling nuclei a and b. The spin multiplicity was classified by the following symbols: s = singlet, d = doublet, dd = doublet of doublet, ddd = doublet of doublet of doublet, t = triplet, tt = triplet of triplet, td = triplet of doublet, q = quartet, quin = quintet, sext = sextet, sept = septet, m = multiplet. (b) FD mass spectrometry (MS). The field desorption (FD) mass spectra were recorded on a Fisons Instruments Field Sector Mass Spectrometer Instruments VG ZAB 2-SE-FPD at an applied voltage of 8 kV. In addition to the measured m/z-values, the respective associated signal intensities are given in % in parentheses and the type of positively charged molecular ions. Furthermore, the FD method is particularly well suited for the characterization of non-polar molecules, since fragmentation of the molecular ions does not occur. Prior to each measurement, ~2 mg of the sample was dissolved in 200 µL of the respective solvent (DCM or THF). Three equal drops of the resulting homogeneous solution were fixed on a freshly drawn, slightly roughened tungsten (W-) wire that was attached on an appropriate guide tube. Before transfer of the guide tube into the high-vacuum measuring cell, the solvent residues on the W-wire were removed by applying a fore-vacuum. After the transfer of the guide tube in the high-vacuum measuring cell and application of an accelerating voltage (8 kV), the now-ionized sample was measured. The signal intensities of the generated analyte ions could be detected using a preset acetone signal. (c) Elemental analysis (EA). The elemental composition of all synthesized compounds was mainly investigated in terms of their content of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and, if available, sulfur (S) using a CHNS 932 elemental analyzer (Leco Corporation). CHNS determination of all anhydrous substances (each ~5 mg) was carried out in triplicate, with respect to all isolated solid in a finely pulverized state. All analysis results are arithmetic averages of all triply determined analysis values of the respective examined substance. (d) FTIR spectroscopy. The Fourier transform (FT) infrared (IR) spectra were recorded at RT and 256 scans with a Bruker Vector 22 FTIR spectrometer. For the production of 13 mm KBr pellets was used a hydraulic pump and an associated pressing tool from the company Perkin-Elmer. During the measurement, the KBr pellet was permanently flushed with a stream of dry air, in order to counteract an air moisture influence that could interfere with the sample measurement. Exclusively dry KBr was used for sample preparation. The KBr pellets were pressed using a sample concentration of ~1.5 mg sample per 150 mg KBr. The FTIR spectra were interpreted using OMNIC Spectra Software. The evaluation of the recorded FTIR spectra was performed according to the excellent work by Rintoul et al., 2008 [S1]. (e) Melting point determination. All observed melting points were measured with the fully automatic melting point apparatus Büchi Melting Point B-545 (BÜCHI Labortechnik GmbH, Essen, Germany). All melting points were determined in triplicate, read uncorrected and arithmetically averaged. (f) Preparative column chromatography. For the purification of the synthesis products, column chromatography was used with a stationary phase of silica gel 60, i.e., silica gel having an average pore diameter of 60 Å (Macherey-Nagel GmbH & Co. KG) with a grain size of 0.063–0.2 mm. (g) Analytical/preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC). To determine the calculated Rf values using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 0.2 mm silica gel and fluorescent-indicator-coated finished aluminum foils (ALUGRAM® SIL G/UV254) were used (Macherey-Nagel GmbH & Co. KG). The detection of the synthesized compounds was carried out based on intrinsic coloration by fluorescence quenching at short-wave UV light (λ = 254 nm) and intrinsic fluorescence at long-wave UV light (λ = 365 nm). The preparative TLC of the synthesized crude products was performed with 2 mm silica gel and fluorescence-indicator-coated glass plates (SIL g 200 UV254) at the scale 20 cm × 20 cm from the same manufacturer (Macherey-Nagel GmbH & Co. KG).
Synthetic strategy of 1 and its precursor. Synthesis of N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-tri-methylpyridine)silver(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate. A total of 10.2 g (0.06 mol, 3 eq.) of silver nitrate and 11.1 g of potassium hexafluorophosphate (~0.06 mol, 3 eq.) were dissolved (partly suspended) in ~200 mL of absolute EtOH at RT under continuous stirring. Subsequently, a solution of 2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine (6.2 g, 0.02 mol, 1 eq.) dissolved in ~80 mL of absolute EtOH and a solution of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (8 mL, 0.06 mol, 3 eq.) also dissolved in ~80 mL of absolute EtOH were simultaneously and slowly added dropwise to the stirred reaction mixture over a period of about 15 min. After stirring of the resulting exothermic reaction mixture for 1 h at RT, the precipitated solid was filtered using a Buchner funnel, washed with plenty of H2Odd and freeze-dried for 24 h.
In the end, N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)silver(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate (27.2 g, 0.019 mol, 95%) manifested itself as a colorless (to slightly off-white) crystalline solid.
Synthesis of N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate (1). Under inert gas conditions, 27.2 g (0.019 mol, 1 eq.) of N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)silver(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate was suspended in 200 mL of dry DCM at RT under constant stirring. After the addition of 14.5 g (~0.057 mol, 3 eq.) of iodine, the reaction mixture was stirred (for about 2 h) until the iodine was completely consumed. The precipitated silver iodide was filtered using a Buchner funnel and rewashed with 50 mL of dry DCM. The obtained filtrate was concentrated to dryness on a rotary evaporator at a bath temperature limit of 30 °C, and the resulting solid was freeze-dried for 24 h in the darkness. Finally, 1 (25.3 g, 0.017 mol, 89%) could be isolated as a yellowish-brown crystalline solid.
Characterization of 1 and its precursor. N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)-sil-ver(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate: colorless to slightly off-white, crystalline solid; Mp. 218.6 °C; EA calcd. (%) for C45H48Ag3F18N6P3: C 37.76, H 3.38, N 5.87; found: C 37.76, H 3.36, N 5.88; MS (FD, 8 kV) m/z (%) 715.7 (6.5) [M2+] with 107Ag and 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/14N, 716.3 (3.2) [M2+] with 109Ag and 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/14N, 1430.5 (100) [M+] with 107Ag and 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/14N, 1431.5 (10.2) [M+] with 107Ag and 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/15N, 1432.5 (40.3) [M+] with 109Ag and 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/14N, 1433.6 (8.3) [M+] with 109Ag and 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/15N, 2861.2 (27.7) [2M+] with 107Ag and 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/14N, 2862.9 (5.2) [2M+] with 107Ag and 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/15N, 2865.0 (16.7) [2M+] with 109Ag and 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/14N (calcd. for C45H48Ag3F18N6P3: m/z 1431.4 [M+]).
N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophos-phate (1): yellowish-brown crystalline solid; Mp. 136.5 °C; EA calcd. (%) for C45H48F18I3N6P3: C 36.31, H 3.25, N 5.65; found: C 36.30, H 3.26, N 5.66; 1H NMR (400 MHz, THF-d8) δ 8.83–8.79 (m, 6H, o-6ArH, 6H1), 7.64–7.56 (m, 9H, m-6ArH/p-3ArH, 9H2), 6.75 (s, 6H, m-6ArH, 6H3), 2.37 (s, 18H, o-6CH3, 18H4), 2.21 (s, 9H, p-3CH3, 9H5); 13C NMR (101 MHz, THF-d8) δ 172.63 (3C7), 158.13 (6C8), 147.59 (3C9), 137.25 (3C10), 133.44 (3C6), 129.78 (6C2), 129.47 (6C1), 121.32 (6C3), 24.40 (6C4), 20.72 (3C5); IR (KBr) ṽmax 3107, 3087, 3060, 3045, 3010 (=C-H, m-w), 2983, 2954, 2922 (-C-H, s-m), 2870 (-CH3, m), 2854 (-C-H, w), 2769, 2745, 2729, 1912, 1826, 1817, 1774, 1748, 1690 (-C=N, s), 1654, 1611 (-C=C, s), 1590 (ring vibrations, s), 1571, 1523 (-C=C, s), 1500 (ring vibration, s), 1461, 1446, 1411, 1368 (CH3-def., s-m), 1314, 1300, 1220, 1174, 1158, 1146, 1085, 1068, 1028 (=C-N, m), 995, 974, 939, 923, 877, 841, 792, 743, 725 (=C-H-def., s), 683, 643, 616, 602, 591, 532, 517, 482, 467, 433, 427(=C-H-def. and -C-C, m-w); MS (FD, 8 kV) m/z (%) 744.2 (6.5) [M2+] with 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/14N, 744.8 (3.2) [M2+] with 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/15N, 1488.5 (100) [M+] with 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/14N, 1489.4 (9.3) [M+] with 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/15N, 2976.9 (30.3) [2M+] with 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/14N, 2979.1 (3.4) [2M+] with 14N/14N/14N/14N/14N/15N (calcd. for C45H48F18I3N6P3: m/z 1488.5 [M+]).
All further synthetic strategies for iodination of all compounds can be found in the Supplementary Material (SM).

3. Results and Discussion

For future electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy applications in our laboratory [6], we also synthesized the products’ spin-labeled derivatives, e.g., (2R,2S)-1-(isopropylamino)-3-phenoxypropan-2-yl 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-carboxylate (Table 1, entry 5) and (2R,2S)-1-(3,5-dimethylphenoxy)-3-(isopropyla-mino)propan-2-yl 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-carboxylate (Table 1, entry 6). Using 1, the reaction times were very short (≥5 min) and the iodinated products were obtained in excellent yields (≥95%) under mild reaction conditions (room temperature, RT). Thus, 1 can be seen as an expansion of the possibilities of retroactive iodination of aromatic systems/molecules.
In contrast to the synthesis of 2 [34,35], the synthesis of 1 was performed in two steps using water-free solvents in each reaction step (see Scheme 1).
In the first step, silver nitrate (1 eq.) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (1 eq.) were reacted with 2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine (1 equiv.) and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (3 eq.) in the presence of absolute ethanol (EtOH) to give N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)-silver(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate within a short amount of time (1 h) with an excellent yield (95%) at RT. In the second step, 1 was synthesized by mixing iodine (3 eq.) with the isolated and freeze-dried argentiferous precursor (1 eq.) in CH2Cl2 for 2 h at RT (see Scheme 1) in the presence of dry dichloromethane (DCM). The resulting yield of the second step was 89% (overall yield 85%). Details on synthesis and characterization are given in the SM.
To test the iodination potential of 1 on selected aromatic substrates (see Table 1), we first used two commercially available phenols, phenol (see Table 1, entry 1) and 3,5-dimethylphenol (see Table 1, entry 2), to achieve triple iodinations. We then tested our iodination reagent on two synthesized ß-sympatholytic agents, (2R,2S)-1-(isopropyl-amino)-3-phenoxypropan-2-ol (see Table 1, entry 3) and (2R,2S)-1-(3,5-dimethylphen-oxy)-3-(isopropylamino)propan-2-ol (see Table 1, entry 4), and their two TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl) spin-labeled derivatives, (2R,2S)-1-(isopropylamino)-3-phenoxypropan-2-yl 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-carboxylate (see Table 1, entry 5) and (2R,2S)-1-(3,5-dimethylphenoxy)-3-(isopropylamino)propan-2-yl 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-carboxylate (see Table 1, entry 6). Furthermore, the synthetic routes and appropriate characterizations of the two above-mentioned ß-sympatholytic agents and their two TEMPO spin-labeled derivatives are described in detail in the SM.
All reactions (see entries 1–6) give one main product with triple iodination (see entries 1–6) in a short amount of time (5–10 min) with high yields (95–99%) and a specific regioselectivity of each attached (o-, p-, m-) iodine atom under mild reaction conditions (RT). Again, all six products are characterized in detail (see the SM).
Finally, we could show that one eq. of 1 works quickly (5–10 min) at RT in the presence of all the selected substrates using dry CH2Cl2 and in a regioselective manner since the use of one eq. of 1 leads to only one o-, m- and p-triiodinated main product (see Table 1) with very good yields (95–99%). In the previous work of Brunei et al. [35], 2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-dime-thylphenol was easily synthesized with an excellent yield (95%) using three eq. of 2 and dry CH2Cl2 as a solvent under mild reaction conditions (RT, 10 min). Our synthesis of the same modified phenol was achieved in the presence of one eq. of 1 using the same dry solvent under mild reaction conditions (see Table 1, entry 2), with a 99% yield. Yet, we refrain from interpreting the small difference in overall yield as significant, as it could also be due to differences in purification efficiency.

4. Conclusions

In summary, the rapid iodination reagent 1 was successfully synthesized (see Scheme 1 and SM) and was used to synthesize iodinated phenols, including two well-known phenols (see Table 1, entries 1 and 2), 2,4,6-triiodophenol and 2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-dimethylphenol [34,36,37]; two recently developed ß-sympatholytic agents (see Table 1, entries 3 and 4), (2R,2S)-1-(isopropylamino)-3-(2,4,6-triiodophenoxy)propan-2-ol and (2R,2S)-1-(isopropylamino)-3-(2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-ol; and their TEMPO spin-labeled derivatives (see Table 1, entries 5 and 6) [6,38,39], (2R,2S)-3-(isopropylamino)-1-(2,4,6-triiodophenoxy)propan-2-yl 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-carboxylate and (2R,2S)-3-(isopropylamino)-1-(2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-dimethylphen-oxy)propan-2-yl 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-carboxylate. This proof of principle indicates the broad potential use of 1 in particular for rapid and specific tri-iodination of phenolic compounds in excellent yields at RT.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/org4020011/s1. Detailed synthetic descriptions including appropriate characterizations of 1 and its argentiferous precursor as well as all compounds synthesized with 1 (Table 1) are given. An extensive characterization using 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (EA), melting point determination, infrared (IR) spectroscopy and field desorption (FD) mass spectrometry (MS) is provided.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, T.H. and D.H.; formal analysis, T.H.; investigation, T.H. and D.H.; resources, D.H.; writing—original draft preparation, T.H. and D.H.; writing—review and editing, D.H.; visualization, T.H.; supervision, D.H.; project administration and funding acquisition, D.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under grant number HI1094/5-1.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in the article and the Supplementary Materials (SMs).

Acknowledgments

The authors thank H. Schimm (MLU) and S. Türk (MPI for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany) for their technical support in FD mass spectrometry.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Organics 04 00011 g001
Figure 1. Chemical structures of N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate (1) and bis(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I) hexafluorophosphate (2).
Figure 1. Chemical structures of N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate (1) and bis(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I) hexafluorophosphate (2).
Organics 04 00011 g001
Organics 04 00011 sch001
Scheme 1. Synthetic strategy for the s-triazine-based iodination reagent, N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate (1) via its precursor, N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)silver(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-tri-azine trihexafluorophosphate. Yields of each reaction step are given in brackets.
Scheme 1. Synthetic strategy for the s-triazine-based iodination reagent, N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodo(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine trihexafluorophosphate (1) via its precursor, N1,N3,N5-tris[(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)silver(I)]-2,4,6-triphenyl-s-tri-azine trihexafluorophosphate. Yields of each reaction step are given in brackets.
Organics 04 00011 sch001
Table 1. Iodination of selected aromatic substrates in the presence of 1 (*) marks stereogenic carbon atoms. All reactions were performed at RT.
Table 1. Iodination of selected aromatic substrates in the presence of 1 (*) marks stereogenic carbon atoms. All reactions were performed at RT.
EntrySubstrateReaction Conditions a
(Reaction Time (min); eq. of FIC*17*)		ProductYield b
(%)
1Organics 04 00011 i001(5; 1)Organics 04 00011 i00298
2Organics 04 00011 i003(10; 1)Organics 04 00011 i00499
3Organics 04 00011 i005(5; 1)Organics 04 00011 i00695
4Organics 04 00011 i007(10; 1)Organics 04 00011 i00896
5Organics 04 00011 i009(5; 1)Organics 04 00011 i01095
6Organics 04 00011 i011(10; 1)Organics 04 00011 i01295
a All reactions were conducted under inert gas conditions. b Isolated yields after purification.
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Hauenschild, T.; Hinderberger, D. A New Rapid and Specific Iodination Reagent for Phenolic Compounds. Organics 2023, 4, 137-145. https://doi.org/10.3390/org4020011

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Hauenschild T, Hinderberger D. A New Rapid and Specific Iodination Reagent for Phenolic Compounds. Organics. 2023; 4(2):137-145. https://doi.org/10.3390/org4020011

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hauenschild, Till, and Dariush Hinderberger. 2023. "A New Rapid and Specific Iodination Reagent for Phenolic Compounds" Organics 4, no. 2: 137-145. https://doi.org/10.3390/org4020011

APA Style

Hauenschild, T., & Hinderberger, D. (2023). A New Rapid and Specific Iodination Reagent for Phenolic Compounds. Organics, 4(2), 137-145. https://doi.org/10.3390/org4020011

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