Mechanisms of Producing Primordial Black Holes and Their Evolution
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Production Mechanisms
2.1. Initial Density Inhomogeneities
2.2. First-Order Phase Transitions
2.3. Second-Order Phase Transitions
2.4. PBH Production in -Gravity
3. Mass Accretion Mechanisms
3.1. Bondi Accretion
3.2. Accretion Inside Neutron Star
3.3. Eddington Limit
3.4. Accretion in Schwarzschild Spacetime
3.5. McVittie Solution
4. Discussion
- Initial density inhomogeneities:Advantages: a broad mass spectrum.Disadvantages: it leads to strong inhomogeneities and there is no possibility to form clusters of PBHs.
- First-order phase transitions:Advantages: it does not require any assumption beyond standard Big Bang physics.Disadvantages: The mass spectrum in this model is close to monochromatic, so it is impossible to explain the existence of black holes of various masses. It is also impossible to produce clusters of PBHs within this model.
- Second-order phase transitions:Advantages: it has a broad mass spectrum and it also could be coupled with external processes, e.g., baryogenesis.Disadvantages: a fine-tuning of the initial conditions is required.
- Bondi accretion:Advantages: a simple conventional model which is accurate enough.Disadvantages: it does not take into account possible relativistic effects and spacetime curvature.
- Accretion in Schwarzschild spacetime:Advantages: it takes into account spacetime curvature.Disadvantages: cosmic expansion is not considered in this case.
- McVittie solution:Advantages: it takes into account spacetime curvature with cosmic expansion.Disadvantages: it exhibits a superluminal motion of the fluid at a distance of .
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Krasnov, M.A.; Nikulin, V.V. Mechanisms of Producing Primordial Black Holes and Their Evolution. Particles 2023, 6, 580-594. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6020033
Krasnov MA, Nikulin VV. Mechanisms of Producing Primordial Black Holes and Their Evolution. Particles. 2023; 6(2):580-594. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6020033
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrasnov, Maxim A., and Valery V. Nikulin. 2023. "Mechanisms of Producing Primordial Black Holes and Their Evolution" Particles 6, no. 2: 580-594. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6020033
APA StyleKrasnov, M. A., & Nikulin, V. V. (2023). Mechanisms of Producing Primordial Black Holes and Their Evolution. Particles, 6(2), 580-594. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6020033