Proceedings

Editorial

3 pages, 137 KB

Open AccessEditorial

by Jacki L. McEachran, Debra J. Palmer, Nicolas L. Taylor, Ashleigh H. Warden, Ching-Tat Lai, Sharon L. Perrella, Donna T. Geddes and Zoya Gridneva

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112022 - 14 Feb 2025

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Abstract

This publication compiles the proceedings of the ABREAST Conference, held on 15 November 2024 in Perth, Australia [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

3 pages, 134 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Breastfeeding Experiences and Milk Production in Mothers of Multiple Birth Infants

by Muja A. Gama, Ashleigh H. Warden, Jacki L. McEachran, Demelza J. Ireland, Donna T. Geddes, Sharon L. Perrella and Zoya Gridneva

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112001 - 30 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Breastfeeding multiple birth infants (MBIs) presents unique challenges that require tailored support and guidance, yet little research has focused on MBIs mothers experiences [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

3 pages, 138 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Impact of Video-Based Breastfeeding Education on Self-Care Competencies of Postnatal Women

by Nalini Sirala Jagadeesh, Sangavi Balaji and Rajeswari Singaravelu

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112002 - 31 Dec 2024

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Abstract

The postnatal period is a critical stage in the lives of both mothers and newborn infants [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 132 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Hormonal and Macronutrient Profiles in Human Milk Among Women with Low Milk Production

by Xuehua Jin, Ching Tat Lai, Sharon L. Perrella, Jacki L. McEachran, Zoya Gridneva and Donna T. Geddes

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112003 - 31 Dec 2024

Viewed by 831

Abstract

Adequate milk production is key for optimal infant growth, yet women often wean due to perceived low milk production (LMP). Maternal adiposity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are known potential risk factors for LMP and may alter both hormonal and macronutrient composition of [...] Read more.

Adequate milk production is key for optimal infant growth, yet women often wean due to perceived low milk production (LMP). Maternal adiposity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are known potential risk factors for LMP and may alter both hormonal and macronutrient composition of human milk. This study aims to investigate the hormonal and macronutrient composition of human milk in relation to LMP, particularly in the context of maternal adiposity and GDM. Human milk samples were collected from 68 women with LMP and 160 women with normal milk production during 1–6 months postpartum. Of the 228 participants with the mean pre-pregnancy BMI of 26.3 ± 6.0 kg/m², 80 (35.1%) had GDM. Concentrations of hormones (estrone, estradiol, progesterone, insulin, leptin, adiponectin) and macronutrients (fat, protein, lactose, glucose) were measured and compared between the two groups. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for potential confounders such as maternal body mass index (BMI) and GDM, to assess the relationships between hormone and macronutrient concentrations, and milk production. Preliminary analyses indicated that higher concentrations of estrone (p < 0.001), leptin (p = 0.009), insulin (p = 0.002), protein (p = 0.012), and lactose (p = 0.004) were associated with LMP. After adjusting for maternal BMI and GDM in the univariable models, all of these associations remained, and progesterone (p = 0.045) also emerged as positively associated with LMP. In multivariable regression, followed by stepwise model selection, estrone (p < 0.001), protein (p < 0.001) and lactose (p = 0.015) demonstrated the strongest associations with LMP, with maternal BMI also contributing significantly (p = 0.010). The findings suggest that hormone and macronutrient concentrations in human milk may reflect LMP status and provide insights into the underlying biological mechanisms associated with LMP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 143 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Effect of Music Intervention on Breast Milk Volume and Stress Among Indian Preterm Mothers

by Rajeswari Singaravelu, Temsurenla Jamir and Nalini Sirala Jagadeesh

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112004 - 2 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Nutrition is essential for preterm infants’ growth, metabolism, and immunity [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 140 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Distinct Nutrient Sources and Infant Outcomes: Impact of Breastmilk and Complementary Food on Indonesian Infant Growth and Micronutrient Status

by Sofa Rahmannia, Kevin Murray, Gina Arena, Aly Diana and Siobhan Hickling

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112005 - 2 Jan 2025

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Abstract

The relationship between infant nutrient intake and their nutritional status remains uncertain [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 122 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Maternal Factors That Influence the Presence of Food Allergens in Human Milk—A Systematic Review

by Sophie A. Hughes, Zoya Gridneva, Sharon L. Perrella, Donna T. Geddes and Debra J. Palmer

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112006 - 2 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Food allergens have been detected in human milk with wide frequency and concentration variations between women. As maternal factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), and allergic disease influence human milk composition, we aimed to identify which maternal characteristics have previously been [...] Read more.

Food allergens have been detected in human milk with wide frequency and concentration variations between women. As maternal factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), and allergic disease influence human milk composition, we aimed to identify which maternal characteristics have previously been associated with the presence of food allergens in milk. We conducted a systematic review search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Scopus, with inclusion criteria of common food allergens, human studies published in English with 10 or more participants providing milk samples, trials, observational studies, letters to the editor, and short communications. We obtained 5125 articles and 4127 after duplicates were removed. After the initial screening, 51 articles underwent full-text assessment, with a final 31 articles included in the analysis. A systematic review tool was used to extract all article information. We found that when a standardized amount of food allergen was consumed (16/31 studies), there were large inter-women variations in the frequency and concentrations of food allergens detected in human milk. The most common maternal characteristics that were investigated to determine their potential to influence the presence of food allergens in human milk were maternal allergic disease, usual diet, and weeks of lactation. Two studies found that if a woman’s diet contained a specific food allergen, this influenced the detection of that food allergen in milk, while three studies found no such influence. Maternal allergic disease positively influenced the detection of food allergens in 3 studies, while 10 studies found no significant associations. Although data on other maternal characteristics, such as BMI, ethnicity, smoking, and parity, were recorded in some studies, these were not investigated for their influence on the presence of food allergens in human milk. Hence, although many studies reported maternal characteristics, most did not explore their associations with food allergens detected in milk. Future research investigating maternal characteristics that influence the presence of food allergens in human milk is needed to contribute to targeted food allergy prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 135 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Efficacy Assessment of the Breast Shield Size

by Zoya Gridneva, Ashleigh H. Warden, Jacki L. McEachran, Sharon L. Perrella, Ching Tat Lai and Donna T. Geddes

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112007 - 2 Jan 2025

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Abstract

The diameters of the milk ducts increase significantly (2 [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

3 pages, 130 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Breastfeeding Longitudinal Observational Study of Mothers and Kids—BLOSOM Cohort

by Zoya Gridneva, Ali S. Cheema, Erika M. van den Dries, Ashleigh H. Warden, Jacki L. McEachran, Sharon L. Perrella, Ching Tat Lai, Lisa F. Stinson and Donna T. Geddes

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112008 - 2 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 967

Abstract

The Breastfeeding Longitudinal Observational Study of Mothers and kids (BLOSOM) is a single-centre prospective cohort study conducted in Perth (Western Australia) that collected data from 2018 to 2020 and aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which human milk affects infant growth, health, and [...] Read more.

The Breastfeeding Longitudinal Observational Study of Mothers and kids (BLOSOM) is a single-centre prospective cohort study conducted in Perth (Western Australia) that collected data from 2018 to 2020 and aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which human milk affects infant growth, health, and body composition [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

3 pages, 141 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Milk Ejections and Milk Flow Patterns During Breast Expression: When to Stop Pumping

by Zoya Gridneva, Ashleigh H. Warden, Jacki L. McEachran, Sharon L. Perrella, Ching Tat Lai and Donna T. Geddes

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112009 - 2 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Despite the available evidence, mothers often do not tailor the duration of their pumping sessions to their individual milk flow pattern [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 137 KB

Open AccessAbstract

GenV: Preservation of Human Milk for Biological Discovery

by Ching Tat Lai, Kim Powell, Yeukai Mangwiro, Tony Frugier, Anna Fedyukova, Jatender Mohal, William Siero, Sharon L. Perrella, Melissa Wake, Mary E. Wlodek, Richard Saffery and Donna T. Geddes

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112010 - 2 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Human milk contains a variety of biologically active molecules that are essential for infant growth and development, as well as indicators of maternal health. However, understanding the full potential of these molecules is challenging due to variations in their concentrations among mothers, potential [...] Read more.

Human milk contains a variety of biologically active molecules that are essential for infant growth and development, as well as indicators of maternal health. However, understanding the full potential of these molecules is challenging due to variations in their concentrations among mothers, potential degradation during sample handling and storage, and the limited accessibility of specific human milk analyses. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a freeze-dried preservative cocktail in maintaining the stability of key milk molecules during collection, transport, and storage. GenV participants (n = 96) were given a sample collection kit and followed the instructions to collect approximately 5 mL of breast milk, which was placed in a collection tube containing the preservative. The samples were mailed at ambient temperature to the GenV laboratory (Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia), where they were aliquoted into 1 mL tubes using a liquid handling system (Janus) and stored at −80 °C. These samples were randomly selected and sent to The University of Western Australia (Perth, Western Australia, Australia) on dry ice for biochemical analysis. The average collection day postpartum was 16 ± 14 (range 1–91 days), while the average postal receipt time was 5 ± 3 days (range 1–16 days), and samples were processed within 6 days of receipt (average 3 ± 2 days). The mean concentrations of key molecules—fat (48.6 ± 17.1 g/L), protein (15.5 ± 4.3 g/L), lactose (78.9 ± 13.9 g/L), glucose (0.17 ± 0.17 g/L), lysozyme (0.16 ± 0.16 g/L), and insulin (6.1 ± 4.9 μIU/mL)—were consistent with reported literature values. There were no statistically significant differences in molecular concentrations based on postal transit time, receipt, or processing delays (p > 0.05). These results demonstrate that the preservative cocktail effectively preserved the integrity of key molecules in human milk during handling, postal transport, and storage at ambient temperature. The findings support its use as a valuable tool for human milk research, enabling more flexible sample collection and handling without compromising the quality of the milk or the biochemical analysis. Future research should explore its application in broader contexts to further enhance the accuracy and reliability of milk composition studies across diverse research settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 131 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Multiple Lactations: Effect of Successive Lactation on Milk Production and Infant Milk Intake

by Ashleigh H. Warden, Vanessa S. Sakalidis, Jacki L. McEachran, Ching Tat Lai, Sharon L. Perrella, Donna T. Geddes and Zoya Gridneva

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112011 - 2 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Optimal infant growth is reliant on both the production and intake of sufficient human milk. Some studies, in particular animal models, suggest that multiparous mothers produce a higher yield of milk compared to primiparous mothers. The aim of this study was to examine [...] Read more.

Optimal infant growth is reliant on both the production and intake of sufficient human milk. Some studies, in particular animal models, suggest that multiparous mothers produce a higher yield of milk compared to primiparous mothers. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a relationship between successive lactations and maternal 24 h milk production and infant milk intake. Lactating mothers who did not feed commercial milk formula (n = 22) measured their milk production at 1–6 months postpartum by test-weighing their infants for 24 h during two consecutive lactations (L1: at 3.0 ± 1.2 months, L2: at 2.6 ± 1.0 months; (p = 0.26)) and provided the dyad’s demographics. Twenty-four-hour milk production by breast, infant 24 h milk intake (including mothers’ own expressed milk), and breastfeeding and expressing frequencies were measured. Statistical analysis used linear mixed modelling accounting for infant birth weight and the random effect of participant. There were no differences between L1 and L2 for milk production (L1: 748 ± 122 g; L2: 768 ± 157 g; p = 0.57), infant milk intake (L1: 744 ± 133 g; L2: 776 ± 189 g; p = 0.50), 24 h breastfeeding frequency (L1: 13 ± 4; L2: 12 ± 3; p = 0.28), and expression frequency (L1: 1.4 ± 1.9; L2: 1.4 ± 2.8; p = 0.95). Birth weight was higher with the successive lactation (L1: 3260 ± 345 g; L2: 3509 ± 237 g; p = 0.002). Infant sex was not associated with 24 h milk production (p = 0.21), milk intake (p = 0.62), or breastfeeding frequency (p = 0.17). The findings of this study suggest that in humans there is no effect of successive lactations or infant sex on 24 h milk production or infant milk intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

3 pages, 145 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Impact of Diet on the Maternal and Infant Microbiota

by Donna T. Geddes, Azhar S. Sindi, Ching Tat Lai, Zoya Gridneva, Gabriela E. Leghi, Mary E. Wlodek, Lisa F. Stinson, Xiaojie Zhou, Matthew S. Payne, Merryn J. Netting, Michelle L. Trevenen, Alethea Rea and Beverly S. Muhlhausler

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112012 - 2 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Whilst diet plays a pivotal role in human health, very little research on the lactation period exists [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

3 pages, 138 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Breastfeeding, Human Milk and Allergic Disease: Findings from the CHILD Cohort Study

by Meghan B. Azad

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112013 - 6 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Breastfeeding substantially contributes to infant microbiome and immune development, influencing lifelong health trajectories, including allergic disease risk [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

3 pages, 141 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Pain Ratings and Pharmacological Pain Management in Australian Breastfeeding Women After a Caesarean Section Birth

by Jasmine E. Hunt, Philip Vlaskovsky, Ching T. Lai, Sarah G. Abelha, Jacki L. McEachran, Stuart A. Prosser, Donna T. Geddes and Sharon L. Perrella

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112014 - 7 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1017

Abstract

Caesarean section (CS) birth is associated with pain and reduced mobility that impacts a woman’s ability to breastfeed and care for her newborn infant [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

3 pages, 138 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Sources and Helpfulness of Breastfeeding Information and Support Accessed by Australian Women Before and After Caesarean Birth

by Sarah G. Abelha, Gloria Cheng, Jacki L. McEachran, Stuart A. Prosser, Diane L. Spatz, Donna T. Geddes and Sharon L. Perrella

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112015 - 8 Jan 2025

Viewed by 791

Abstract

Caesarean section (CS) birth is associated with higher rates of breastfeeding difficulty and has an increasing prevalence in Australia and globally [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 130 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Early Feeding Patterns After Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

by Sharon L. Perrella, Jacki L. McEachran, Mary E. Wlodek, Stuart A. Prosser and Donna T. Geddes

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112016 - 8 Jan 2025

Viewed by 912

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been associated with suboptimal breastfeeding outcomes, including low milk supply, and the aetiology of this is not well understood. As postpartum frequency of milk removal is critical to the establishment of milk production, we compared the early feeding [...] Read more.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been associated with suboptimal breastfeeding outcomes, including low milk supply, and the aetiology of this is not well understood. As postpartum frequency of milk removal is critical to the establishment of milk production, we compared the early feeding patterns of breastfeeding women with and without GDM. Women with GDM (n = 54) and without GDM (n = 54) provided detailed birth and feeding data within 48 hours of birth and at one and three weeks postpartum and measured their 24 h milk production. Sociodemographic characteristics were similar between groups (p > 0.05), and GDM was associated with an earlier birth gestation (38.5 ± 0.7 vs. 39.5 ± 0.2 weeks, p < 0.001). The median timing of breastfeeding initiation was < 1 h for both groups, yet breastfeeding frequency in the first 24 h was lower in the GDM group (5.9 ± 3.5 vs. 7.8 ± 4.4, p = 0.016). Both in-hospital commercial milk formula supplementation (57% vs. 26%, p < 0.001) and delayed secretory activation beyond day 4 postpartum (32% vs. 7%, p = 0.003) were more prevalent in the GDM group. Combined breastfeeding and breast expression frequencies were similar between groups in the first 24 h (p = 0.48) and at one week (p = 0.46) and three weeks postpartum (p = 0.05). Low milk production (<600 mL/24 h) was more prevalent in the GDM group, i.e., 19/50 (38%) compared to those without GDM, i.e., 8/50 (16%), (p = 0.006). Furthermore, four participants with GDM had weaned/withdrawn due to low milk supply, i.e., 23/54 (43%). The prevalence of low milk supply, despite frequent breastfeeding and breast expression across the first three weeks postpartum, suggests that endocrine factors may impair the autocrine control of milk production in some women with GDM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 135 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Australian Women’s Experiences of Returning to Physical Activity in the Year After Birth

by Claudia Rich, Jacki L. McEachran, Ashleigh H. Warden, Stuart A. Prosser, Demelza J. Ireland, Donna T. Geddes, Zoya Gridneva and Sharon L. Perrella

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112017 - 8 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1133

Abstract

While the health advantages of postpartum physical activity are clear, fewer than 25% of Australian women engage in physical activity in the year after giving birth. Physical activity may promote weight loss and a healthier body composition in the months after birth; however, [...] Read more.

While the health advantages of postpartum physical activity are clear, fewer than 25% of Australian women engage in physical activity in the year after giving birth. Physical activity may promote weight loss and a healthier body composition in the months after birth; however, evidence of this is limited. An understanding of identified facilitators and barriers to postpartum physical activity and knowledge of changes in body composition after birth will assist healthcare providers in guiding women on their return to physical activity. The primary aim of this study was to examine Australian women’s identified facilitators and barriers to physical activity in the first 12 months postpartum. The secondary aim was to investigate maternal body composition changes between 6–8 weeks and 3–3.5 months postpartum. This study comprised an anonymous online mixed-methods questionnaire and a body composition sub-study. Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire about their pregnancy and birth and their physical activity before and during pregnancy and after birth. Qualitative responses to questions about facilitators and barriers to postpartum physical activity were analysed using content analysis. Sub-study: Women that had given birth within the last 6 weeks were invited to attend study sessions at 6–8 weeks postpartum and then 6 weeks later (3–3.5 months) for anthropometric (weight, height, BMI) and body composition measurements (fat mass, fat-free mass) using a bioelectrical impedance analyser ImpediMed SFB7 (ImpediMed, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia). Participation in physical activity in the previous 7 days and the infant feeding method were recorded at each visit. Survey data of n = 469 women were available for analysis. Content analysis of the qualitative data identified the main barriers to physical activity as infant care, timing, and physical limitations. Most survey participants (72%) were active at the time of participation, yet only 23% (n = 110) met the postpartum exercise recommendations of 150 minutes/week. The sub-study involving 30 women showed no significant changes in weight (p = 0.46), BMI (p = 0.45), fat mass (p = 0.36), or fat-free mass (p = 0.23) between 6–8 weeks and 3–3.5 months postpartum. When compared by breastfeeding status, partially breastfeeding women had a larger magnitude of change in weight (−1.15 ± 1.6 vs. 0.24 ± 1.3 kg, respectively, p = 0.015) and BMI (−0.43 ± 0.62 vs. 0.09 ± 0.50 kg/m², respectively, p = 0.016) than fully breastfeeding women, which may be partly explained by the fat-free mass increase in the latter group (−0.19 ± 2.4 vs. 2.67 ± 5.7 kg, respectively, p = 0.089). At 6–8 weeks postpartum, 45% of participants (n = 14) engaged in at least 150 minutes/week of exercise, with no significant differences in changes in maternal body composition at 3–3.5 months between those meeting the recommendations and those who were not. These findings provide valuable insights that can inform the guidance, support, and education of postpartum women when planning their return to physical activity and form the basis of future studies of exercise and body composition changes in breastfeeding women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 132 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Development of the Breastfed Infant Oral Microbiome over the First Two Years of Life in the BLOSOM Cohort

by Roaa A. Arishi, Ali S. Cheema, Ching T. Lai, Matthew S. Payne, Donna T. Geddes and Lisa F. Stinson

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112018 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1006

Abstract

Acquisition and development of the oral microbiome are dynamic processes that occur during early life. However, data regarding longitudinal assembly and determinants of the infant oral microbiome are sparse. This study aimed to characterise temporal development of the infant oral microbiome during the [...] Read more.

Acquisition and development of the oral microbiome are dynamic processes that occur during early life. However, data regarding longitudinal assembly and determinants of the infant oral microbiome are sparse. This study aimed to characterise temporal development of the infant oral microbiome during the first two years of life. Infant oral samples (n = 667 samples, 84 infants) were collected at 2–7 days and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months of age using COPAN E-swabs. Bacterial DNA profiles were analysed using full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At 4 months of age, 76.2% of infants were exclusively breastfed, while breastfeeding rates were 83.3% at 6 months and 65.5% at 12 months. The median breastfeeding duration was 12 months (IQR: 3 months). In this cohort, the oral microbiome was dominated by Streptococcus mitis, Gemella haemolysans, and Rothia mucilaginosa. Bacterial richness decreased significantly from 1 to 2 months, then rose significantly from 12 to 24 months. Shannon diversity increased from 1 week to 1 month and again from 6 to 9 months and 9 to 12 months (all p ≤ 0.04). Microbiome composition was significantly associated with multiple factors, including pacifier use, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, maternal allergy, pre-pregnancy BMI, siblings, delivery mode, maternal age, pets at home, and birth season (all p ≤ 0.03). Introduction of solid foods was a significant milestone in oral microbiome development, triggering an increase in bacterial diversity (richness p = 0.0004; Shannon diversity p = 0.0007), a shift in the abundance of seven species, and a change in beta diversity (p = 0.001). These findings underscore how the oral microbiome develops over the first two years of life and highlight the importance of multiple factors, particularly the introduction of solid foods, in shaping the oral microbiome during early life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

3 pages, 138 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Navigating Change: Midwives’ Readiness for the Infant Feeding Discussion Page in the West Australian Handheld Pregnancy Record

by Shanae K. Paratore, Kate A. Buchanan, Sharon L. Perrella and Sara Bayes

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112019 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 827

Abstract

In Western Australia (WA), women accessing public maternity care services are given a West Australian Handheld Pregnancy Record (WAHPR) booklet that includes pages where health care professionals record the pregnancy care and education provided [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 136 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Breastfeeding Characteristics Are Associated with Minor Changes in the Human Milk Microbiome

by Ruomei Xu, Mark P. Nicol, Ali S. Cheema, Jacki L. McEachran, Sharon L. Perrella, Zoya Gridneva, Donna T. Geddes and Lisa F. Stinson

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112020 - 21 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1018

Abstract

Human milk has a microbiome that contains a wide variety of typical oral and skin bacteria, suggesting that the bacterial communities in the infant oral cavity and maternal skin contribute to the development of the human milk microbiome [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 135 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Women’s Experiences of Establishing Breastfeeding After Assisted and Unassisted Vaginal Birth

by Evangeline G. Bevan, Jacki L. McEachran, Demelza J. Ireland, Stuart A. Prosser, Donna T. Geddes and Sharon L. Perrella

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112021 - 13 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1067

Abstract

Vacuum-assisted and forceps-assisted vaginal births are associated with higher rates of formula supplementation and shorter breastfeeding duration compared to unassisted vaginal births; however, the reasons for this are unclear. Factors such as maternal knowledge, partner support, and parity significantly influence breastfeeding initiation and [...] Read more.

Vacuum-assisted and forceps-assisted vaginal births are associated with higher rates of formula supplementation and shorter breastfeeding duration compared to unassisted vaginal births; however, the reasons for this are unclear. Factors such as maternal knowledge, partner support, and parity significantly influence breastfeeding initiation and duration. The prevalence of perineal trauma, neonatal and maternal birth complications, and decreased birth satisfaction is higher after assisted births and may also impact breastfeeding outcomes. Given the limited research on the specific effects of different vaginal birth modes on breastfeeding, this study aimed to examine women’s experiences of establishing breastfeeding after unassisted, vacuum-assisted, and forceps-assisted vaginal birth. A mixed-methods study design was employed using an anonymous online questionnaire, which included binary, multiple choice, and open-ended questions, and Likert scale items. Using social media, we recruited Australian women who had an unassisted, vacuum-assisted, or forceps-assisted birth within the last year. Details of participant demographics, breastfeeding history, initiation and establishment, postpartum mobility, and pain ratings were recorded. Additionally, qualitative data on postpartum recovery and breastfeeding support were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis framework. A total of 565 women were recruited between May and June 2024, of which 488 responses were retained for analysis. Thematic analysis of the qualitative responses identified four central themes that defined women’s experiences of establishing breastfeeding and were similar between unassisted or assisted vaginal birth modes: Experience of Care, Environment, Expectations, and Health Complications. A range of both positive and negative experiences of breastfeeding support, environmental factors, and expectations of the realities of breastfeeding impacted women’s experiences. For many women, various maternal and/or newborn health issues, nipple pain, and latching difficulties made breastfeeding more difficult. Commercial milk formula supplementation during the hospital stay was more prevalent after a forceps-assisted birth when compared to unassisted vaginal birth (41% vs. 17%, respectively; p < 0.001). Further, during the first two weeks at home, commercial milk formula supplementation was more prevalent after both forceps-assisted (26%) and vacuum-assisted (23%) births than after unassisted vaginal birth (8%, p < 0.001). Pain ratings in the early days following birth and in the first two weeks at home were significantly higher for the forceps-assisted group than for the other vaginal birth modes (p ≤ 0.005). Women that had an unassisted vaginal birth with an intact perineum had the lowest pain ratings in the early days and weeks after birth, while pain ratings were similar between women that had a vacuum-assisted birth and those who had an unassisted vaginal birth with a perineal tear or episiotomy (p = 0.05). Early commercial milk formula supplementation is associated with shorter breastfeeding duration, while postpartum pain is known to impede maternal mobility and may partially inhibit the milk ejection reflex, potentially negatively impacting breastfeeding and increasing formula use. Therefore, women who have an instrumental assisted vaginal birth, particularly those who have a forceps-assisted birth, are at greater risk of suboptimal breastfeeding outcomes including short durations of exclusive and any breastfeeding. Improvements to early postpartum pain management, breastfeeding education, and the judicious use of commercial milk formula may improve breastfeeding and subsequent maternal and health outcomes after instrument-assisted vaginal birth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

2 pages, 123 KB

Open AccessAbstract

Nanoscale Imaging of Human Milk Cells

by Qiongxiang Lin, Sharon L. Perrella, Ashleigh H. Warden, Cameron W. Evans, Donna T. Geddes, Leon R. Mitoulas, Haibo Jiang, Kai Chen and Killugudi Swaminatha Iyer

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112023 - 27 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Human milk is a complex biofluid containing a diverse array of cells crucial for infant health. Despite their importance, our understanding of these cells remains incomplete due to technical challenges. To fully comprehend human milk cells, high-resolution imaging technologies that can directly measure [...] Read more.

Human milk is a complex biofluid containing a diverse array of cells crucial for infant health. Despite their importance, our understanding of these cells remains incomplete due to technical challenges. To fully comprehend human milk cells, high-resolution imaging technologies that can directly measure biological processes are required. We have developed a specialized imaging platform combining light and electron microscopy for human milk cell imaging. To identify different cell types, human milk cells were first stained with several specific cell markers (e.g., EpCAM and MUC1 for lactocytes, CD16 and CD66b for neutrophils, and HLA-DR and CD68 for macrophages) prior to light (confocal) microscopy. Following this, the same cells were processed with osmium staining, resin embedding, and sectioning for electron microscopy, allowing us to observe ultrastructural details. Our imaging workflow has enabled nanoscale visualization of human milk cells, resulting in a first-of-its-kind comprehensive database profiling the organelle-level ultrastructure of different cell types present in human milk. The cells in the human milk are highly heterogenous, featuring a large proportion of lactocytes and lipid droplets, binucleated lactocytes, neutrophil aggregation, neutrophil extracellular traps, dendritic cells/macrophages with bacteria, and immunophagocytosis. This study provides valuable cellular insights contributing to a deeper understanding of human milk biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

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