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Article

Acute Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Performance in Repeated Wingate Tests with Longer Recovery Periods and Neuromuscular Fatigue in Triathletes: Sex Differences

by
Víctor Toro-Román
1,
Pol Simón-Sánchez
1,
Víctor Illera-Domínguez
1,*,
Carla Pérez-Chirinos
1,*,
Sara González-Millán
1,2,
Lluís Albesa-Albiol
1,
Sara Ledesma
1,
Vinyet Solé
1,
Oriol Teruel
1 and
Bruno Fernández-Valdés
1
1
Research Group in Technology Applied to High Performance and Health, Department of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, 08302 Barcelona, Spain
2
Faculty of Communications and Social Sciences, University of San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030282
Submission received: 16 June 2025 / Revised: 18 July 2025 / Accepted: 20 July 2025 / Published: 22 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Training in Hypoxia: Physiological Changes and Performance)
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Abstract

Background: Repeated high-intensity intervals under normoxic (NOR) and hypoxic (HYP) conditions is a training strategy used by athletes. Although different protocols have been used, the effect of longer recovery between repetitions is unclear. In addition, information on the effect of repeated high-intensity intervals on HYP in women is scarce. Aims: To analyse the differences between sexes and between conditions (NOR and HYP) in Repeated Wingate (RW) performance and neuromuscular fatigue in triathletes. Methods: A total of 12 triathletes (men: n = 7, 23.00 ± 4.04 years; women: n = 5, 20.40 ± 3.91) participated in this randomised, blinded, crossover study. In two separate sessions over seven days, participants performed 3 × 30” all out with 7′ of recovery in randomised NOR (fraction of inspired oxygen: ≈20%; ≈300 m altitude) and HYP (fraction of inspired oxygen: ≈15.5%; ≈2500 m altitude) conditions. Before and after RW, vertical jump tests were performed to assess neuromuscular fatigue. Oxygen saturation, power, perceived exertion, muscle soreness and heart rate parameters were assessed. Results: Significant differences were reported between sexes in the parameters of vertical jump, oxygen saturation, RW performance and heart rate (p < 0.05). However, between conditions (NOR and HYP), only differences in oxygen saturation were reported (p < 0.05). No significant differences were reported between conditions (NOR and HYP) in RW performance, neuromuscular fatigue, muscle soreness and perception of exertion. Conclusions: A 3 × 30” RW protocol with 7′ recovery in HYP could have no negative consequences on performance, neuromuscular fatigue and perception of exertion in triathletes compared to NOR, independently of sex.
Keywords: cycloergometer; repeat-sprint ability; power; oxygen; vertical jump cycloergometer; repeat-sprint ability; power; oxygen; vertical jump

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MDPI and ACS Style

Toro-Román, V.; Simón-Sánchez, P.; Illera-Domínguez, V.; Pérez-Chirinos, C.; González-Millán, S.; Albesa-Albiol, L.; Ledesma, S.; Solé, V.; Teruel, O.; Fernández-Valdés, B. Acute Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Performance in Repeated Wingate Tests with Longer Recovery Periods and Neuromuscular Fatigue in Triathletes: Sex Differences. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10, 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030282

AMA Style

Toro-Román V, Simón-Sánchez P, Illera-Domínguez V, Pérez-Chirinos C, González-Millán S, Albesa-Albiol L, Ledesma S, Solé V, Teruel O, Fernández-Valdés B. Acute Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Performance in Repeated Wingate Tests with Longer Recovery Periods and Neuromuscular Fatigue in Triathletes: Sex Differences. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2025; 10(3):282. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030282

Chicago/Turabian Style

Toro-Román, Víctor, Pol Simón-Sánchez, Víctor Illera-Domínguez, Carla Pérez-Chirinos, Sara González-Millán, Lluís Albesa-Albiol, Sara Ledesma, Vinyet Solé, Oriol Teruel, and Bruno Fernández-Valdés. 2025. "Acute Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Performance in Repeated Wingate Tests with Longer Recovery Periods and Neuromuscular Fatigue in Triathletes: Sex Differences" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 10, no. 3: 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030282

APA Style

Toro-Román, V., Simón-Sánchez, P., Illera-Domínguez, V., Pérez-Chirinos, C., González-Millán, S., Albesa-Albiol, L., Ledesma, S., Solé, V., Teruel, O., & Fernández-Valdés, B. (2025). Acute Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Performance in Repeated Wingate Tests with Longer Recovery Periods and Neuromuscular Fatigue in Triathletes: Sex Differences. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 10(3), 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030282

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