Phytochemical Properties of Silk Floss Tree Stem Bark Extract and Its Potential as an Eco-Friendly Biocontrol Agent against Potato Phytopathogenic Microorganisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Source of Plant Bacterial Phytopathogens
2.2. Plant Fungal Pathogens
2.3. Preparation of Silk Floss Extract
2.4. Antibacterial Activity of SFSB Extract
2.5. Silk Floss Stem Bark Extract (SFSB) Antifungal Activity
2.6. SFSB Extract Antioxidant Activity
2.7. HPLC Analysis
2.8. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) Analysis
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. SFSB Extract Bacterial Inhibitory Effect In Vitro
3.2. Fungal Pathogens
3.2.1. Isolation and Identification
3.2.2. Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis
3.3. Effect of SFSB Extract on the Fungal Pathogens
3.4. Antioxidant Activity
3.5. Silk Floss (SFSB) Extract Polyphenolic Content
3.6. Silk Floss (SFSB) Extract GC-MS Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value | Reference |
---|---|---|
HPLC Instrument | Agilent 1260 series (Agilent Technologies, GmbH, Boblingen, Germany) | [64] |
Column | (Eclipse C18) dimensions: 4.6 mm (diameter) × 250 mm (length) | |
Particle size: 5 μm | ||
Mobile phase | H2O (A) and 0.05% CF3COOH in CH3CN (B) | |
Flow rate | 0.9 mL/min | |
Gradient program | In this stepwise program, the mobile phase composition changes abruptly at specific intervals to facilitate the separation of the sample components. From 0 to 5 min, the mobile phase contains 80% solvent A and 20% solvent B. From 5 to 8 min, the mobile phase changes to 60% solvent A and 40% solvent B. From 8 to 12 min, the mobile phase remains at 60% solvent A and 40% solvent B. From 12 to 16 min, the mobile phase returns to the initial condition of 82% solvent A and 18% solvent B. From 16 to 20 min, the mobile phase remains at 82% solvent A and 18% solvent B. | |
Detector | Multi-wavelength type monitored at 280 nm | |
Injection volume | 5 μL | |
Column temperature | 40 °C | |
Analyzed compounds (standards) | 17 common phenolic and flavonoid components: apigenin, caffeic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, daidzein, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, methyl gallate, naringenin, pyro catechol, quercetin, rutin, syringic acid, vanillin |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Equipment | Agilent 7000D |
Column | 5% Diphenyl/95% Dimethylpolysiloxan column, packed with HP-5MS capillary column (30 m in length × 250 μm in diameter × 0.25 μm in thickness) |
Carrier Gas | Pure helium gas (99.99%) |
Flow Rate | 1 mL/min |
Ionization Energy | 70 eV |
Scan Time | 0.2 s |
Fragment Range | 40 to 600 m/z |
Injection Quantity | 1 μL (split ratio 10:1) |
Injector Temperature | 250 °C (constant) |
Column Oven Temperature | 50 °C for 3 min, raised at 10 °C per min up to 280 °C, and final temperature was increased to 300 °C for 10 min |
Identification of phytochemicals | Based on the comparison of their retention time (min), peak area, peak height, and mass spectral patterns with those spectral databases of authentic compounds stored in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library |
Treatments | Inhibition Zone (mm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conc. (µg/mL) | Ralstonia solanacearum | Dickeya solani | Pectobacterium atrosepticum | Pectobacterium carotovorum | |
Silk floss bark extract | 100 | 7.33 ± 0.24 d | 7.67 ± 0.47 c | 7.33 ± 0.24 d | 7.33 ± 0.24 b |
200 | 7.67 ± 0.94 cd | 7.67 ± 0.94 c | 7.33 ± 0.94 d | 7.67 ± 0.62 b | |
300 | 8.00 ± 0.82 cd | 8.67 ± 0.47 bc | 7.33 ± 0.24 d | 8.33 ± 1.25 b | |
400 | 8.67 ± 0.47 cd | 8.67 ± 1.18 bc | 7.33 ± 0.94 d | 8.33 ± 0.94 b | |
600 | 8.67 ± 1.70 cd | 8.67 ± 0.47 bc | 7.33 ± 0.47 d | 8.33 ± 0.47 b | |
800 | 9.33 ± 0.24 bcd | 9.00 ± 0.82 bc | 7.67 ± 0.47 cd | 8.67 ± 0.94 b | |
1000 | 10.33 ± 0.24 bc | 9.33 ± 0.47 b | 9.33 ± 0.47 bc | 9.00 ± 0.00 b | |
2000 | 12.00 ± 0.41 ab | 9.33 ± 0.47 b | 9.33 ± 0.94 bc | 9.00 ± 0.00 b | |
3000 | 14.33 ± 0.94 a | 9.67 ± 1.25 b | 9.67 ± 1.25 b | 9.67 ± 1.89 ab | |
* Pc | 11.67 ± 0.85 ab | 13.00 ± 0.00 a | 14.33 ± 0.94 a | 12.67 ± 0.47 a | |
** Nc | 00.00 ± 0.00 e | 00.00 ± 0.00 d | 00.00 ± 0.00 e | 00.00 ± 0.00 c |
Treatments Conc. (µg/mL) | Inhibition Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
Rhizoctonia solani | Fusariumoxysporum | |
25 | 28.10 ± 4.71 d | 82.38 ± 1.78 c |
50 | 39.05 ± 2.94 c | 83.33 ± 0.67 bc |
100 | 41.90 ± 0.79 c | 86.19 ± 0.41 ab |
200 | 70.48 ± 1.35 b | 86.19 ± 0.67 ab |
300 | 83.33 ± 2.43 a | 86.67 ± 0.59 a |
* Pc | 63.33 ± 0.76 b | 83.81 ± 0.44 abc |
** Nc | 00.00 ± 0.00 e | 00.00 ± 0.00 d |
Compounds | Area | Concentration (µg/g) |
---|---|---|
Gallic acid | 173.90 | 812.34 |
Chlorogenic acid | 358.17 | 2727.49 |
Catechin | 23.36 | 324.42 |
Methyl gallate | 166.08 | 651.73 |
Caffeic acid | * ND | ND |
Syringic acid | 166.16 | 946.26 |
Pyro catechol | ND | ND |
Rutin | 15.57 | 97.16 |
Ellagic acid | 13.11 | 139.18 |
Coumaric acid | 62.34 | 104.47 |
Vanillin | 145.02 | 473.22 |
Ferulic acid | 285.48 | 1276.18 |
Naringenin | 2968.31 | 18,698.83 |
Daidzein | 195.35 | 628.91 |
Quercetin | 37.72 | 220.42 |
Cinnamic acid | 13.59 | 22.46 |
Apigenin | ND | ND |
Kaempferol | ND | ND |
Hesperetin | ND | ND |
RT | Compound | Class | Relative Abundance % |
---|---|---|---|
5.25 | Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-, (R)- | Terpenoid | 1.29 |
13.75 | Benzoic acid 2-(methylamino)-methyl ester | Benzoic acid derivative | 1.32 |
17.96 | 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester | Phthalate ester | 0.73 |
23.77 | Isopropyl myristate | Fatty acid ester | 55.61 |
25.64 | Palmitic acid methyl ester | Fatty acid ester | 3.51 |
26.41 | n-Hexadecanoic acid | Fatty acid | 14.05 |
28.64 | 12,15-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester | Fatty acid ester | 1.09 |
28.70 | Linoleic acid methyl ester | Fatty acid ester | 1.42 |
28.82 | 11-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester | Fatty acid ester | 1.23 |
29.36 | 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- | Fatty acid | 3.95 |
29.52 | Oleic acid | Fatty acid | 4.65 |
29.60 | cis-Vaccenic acid | Fatty acid | 1.55 |
30.00 | Octadecanoic acid | Fatty acid | 1.17 |
35.80 | Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | Phthalate ester | 8.45 |
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Share and Cite
Al-Askar, A.A. Phytochemical Properties of Silk Floss Tree Stem Bark Extract and Its Potential as an Eco-Friendly Biocontrol Agent against Potato Phytopathogenic Microorganisms. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 912. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080912
Al-Askar AA. Phytochemical Properties of Silk Floss Tree Stem Bark Extract and Its Potential as an Eco-Friendly Biocontrol Agent against Potato Phytopathogenic Microorganisms. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(8):912. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080912
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Askar, Abdulaziz A. 2023. "Phytochemical Properties of Silk Floss Tree Stem Bark Extract and Its Potential as an Eco-Friendly Biocontrol Agent against Potato Phytopathogenic Microorganisms" Horticulturae 9, no. 8: 912. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080912