Reviewing the Tradeoffs between Sunburn Mitigation and Red Color Development in Apple under a Changing Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. External Quality Standards
3. Apple Sunburn
3.1. Sunburn Physiology for Fruit
3.2. Sunburn Induction Factors
Sunburn Incidence | Cultivar | Location of Fruit Temperature Measurement | Temperature | Light Exposure | Location | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sunburn necrosis (SN) | Presence | ‘Gala’ | Surface | 52.2 °C (10 min) | No | Washington, UT, USA | [24] |
Sunburn browning (SB) | Presence | ‘Gala’ | Surface | 47.8 °C (60 min) | Yes | Washington, UT, USA | [24] |
Sunburn symptoms | Presence | ‘Braeburn’ | Flesh | 40 °C | Yes | Auckland, New Zealand | [47] |
Sunburn symptoms | 5% | ‘Mondial Gala’ | Flesh | 44 °C | Yes | Lleida, Spain | [8] |
SN + SB | 15% | ‘Cripps’ Pink’ | Surface | 41 °C * | Yes | Stellenbosch, South Africa | [48] |
SN + SB | 9% | ‘Cripps’ Pink’ | Surface | 33 °C * | Yes | Stellenbosch, South Africa | [49] |
SN + SB | 14% | ‘Fuji’ | Surface | 45 °C * | Yes | Sobo-myeon, Korea | [50] |
SN + SB | 23% | ‘Fuji’ | Surface | 48 °C * | Yes | Biobío, Chile | [9] |
SN + SB | 5% | ‘Fuji’ | Surface | 35 °C * | Yes | Ferrara, Italy | [51] |
SN + SB | 41% | ‘Fuji Raku Raku’ | Surface | 46 °C * | Yes | Ñuble, Chile | [52] |
SN + SB | 19% | ‘Gala’ | Surface | 52 °C * | Yes | Biobío, Chile | [9] |
SN + SB | 15% | ‘Gala’ | Surface | 47 °C * | Yes | Gansu, China | [53] |
SN + SB | 39% | ‘Gala Brookfield’ | Surface | 48 °C * | Yes | Ñuble, Chile | [52] |
SN + SB | 45% | ‘Granny Smith’ | Surface | 37 °C * | Yes | Grabouw, South Africa | [10] |
SN + SB | 39% | ‘Granny Smith’ | Surface | 40 °C * | Yes | Grabouw, South Africa | [10] |
SN + SB | 50% | ‘Granny Smith’ | Surface | 44 °C * | Yes | San José, Uruguay | [54] |
SN + SB | 30% | ‘Honeycrisp’ | Surface | 41 °C * | Yes | Washington, UT, USA | [55] |
SN + SB | 27% | ‘Honeycrisp’ | Surface | 42 °C * | Yes | New York, NY, USA | [56] |
SN + SB | 13% | ‘Honeycrisp’ | Surface | 44 °C * | Yes | New York, NY, USA | [56] |
SN + SB | 19% | ‘Royal Gala’ | Surface | 47 °C * | Yes | Stellenbosch, South Africa | [48] |
SN + SB | 16% | ‘Royal Gala’ | Surface | 48 °C * | Yes | Shepparton, Australia | [11] |
SN + SB | 17% | ‘Royal Gala’ | Surface | 53 °C * | Yes | Shepparton, Australia | [57] |
3.3. Sunburn Mitigation Strategies
4. Color Development in Apples
4.1. Improving Red Color
4.2. Tradeoffs between Sunburn Susceptibility/Mitigation and Red Color
5. The Impact of Changing Climate on Fruit Quality
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agronomic Strategy | Agronomic Effect | Impact on Red Color | Impact on Sunburn | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reflective material | Red color | Increase | Increase/no change | [88,90,91] |
Deleafing | Red color | Increase | Decrease/no change | [92,93,94] |
Phenylalanine spray | Red color | Increase | No change | [95] |
Fruit thinning | Red color | Increase | Decrease/no change | [83,96,97] |
Summer pruning | Red color | Increase | Increase/no change | [89,98,99,100] |
Protective spray | Sunburn | Decrease/no change | Decrease | [101,102,103,104] |
Evaporative cooling | Sunburn | Increase | Decrease | [25,48,58,63] |
Netting | Sunburn | Decrease/no change | Decrease | [55,56,66,67,68,69,88,105] |
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Willsea, N.; Blanco, V.; Rajagopalan, K.; Campbell, T.; Howe, O.; Kalcsits, L. Reviewing the Tradeoffs between Sunburn Mitigation and Red Color Development in Apple under a Changing Climate. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040492
Willsea N, Blanco V, Rajagopalan K, Campbell T, Howe O, Kalcsits L. Reviewing the Tradeoffs between Sunburn Mitigation and Red Color Development in Apple under a Changing Climate. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(4):492. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040492
Chicago/Turabian StyleWillsea, Noah, Victor Blanco, Kirti Rajagopalan, Thiago Campbell, Orlando Howe, and Lee Kalcsits. 2023. "Reviewing the Tradeoffs between Sunburn Mitigation and Red Color Development in Apple under a Changing Climate" Horticulturae 9, no. 4: 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040492