Effect of the Ozone Application in the Nutrient Solution and the Yield and Oxidative Stress of Hydroponic Baby Red Chard
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Material
2.2. Plant Tissue Evaluations
- Ca: Chlorophyll a content (mg·g−1 fresh weight, fw)
- Cb: Chlorophyll b content (mg·g−1 fresh weight, fw)
- A663: sample absorbance measured at 663 nm
- A646: sample absorbance measured at 646 nm
2.3. Determinations of the Nutritive Solution
2.4. Determinations Associated with Oxidative Stress in the Leaves
2.4.1. Antioxidant Capacity
2.4.2. Oxidative Stress Enzymes
2.5. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Evaluation of Plant Growth
3.2. Chemical Analysis in the Nutrient Solution
3.3. Oxidative Stress in the Leaves
3.3.1. Total Phenol Content
3.3.2. Antioxidant Capacity
3.4. Oxidative Stress Enzymes
3.4.1. Superoxide Dismutase
3.4.2. Catalase
3.4.3. Ascorbate Peroxidase
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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O3 Dose (mg·L−1) | Fresh Weight (g) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Harvest 1 (day 10) | Harvest 2 (day 17) | Harvest 3 (day 26) | |
D0 | 11.56 ± 0.38 1 | 10.86 ± 0.84 | 11.56 ± 0.38 |
D05 | 14.79 ± 0.49 | 15.14 ± 0.25 | 13.12 ± 0.39 |
D1 | 11.13 ± 0.12 | 12.06 ± 0.76 | 11.13 ± 0.12 |
D2 | 10.25 ± 0.28 | 11.73 ± 0.41 | 11.25 ± 0.13 |
Significance level | |||
O3 dose (D) | **** (1.49) 2,3 | ||
Harvest time (H) | NS 3 | ||
D × H | NS |
O3 Dose (mg·L−1) | Fresh Weight (g) |
---|---|
D0 | 11.63 b 1 |
D05 | 14.35 a |
D1 | 11.32 b |
D2 | 11.44 b |
O3 Dose (mg·L−1) | Dry Weight (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Harvest 1 (day 10) | Harvest 2 (day 17) | Harvest 3 (day 26) | |
D0 | 15.23 ± 0.71 1 | 12.87 ± 0.39 | 13.37 ± 0.27 |
D05 | 12.87 ± 1.07 | 10.17 ± 0.23 | 11.63 ± 0.22 |
D1 | 11.88 ± 0.63 | 11.85 ± 0.30 | 12.45 ± 0.39 |
D2 | 14.52 ± 1.65 | 13.31 ± 0.36 | 13.10 ± 0.23 |
Significance level | |||
O3 dose (D) | * (1.49) 2 | ||
Harvest time (H) | NS 3 | ||
D × H | NS |
O3 Dose (mg·L−1) | Dry Weight (%) |
---|---|
D0 | 13.82 a 1 |
D05 | 11.56 b |
D1 | 12.06 ab |
D2 | 13.65 ab |
O3 Dose (mg·L−1) | Leaf Area (cm2) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Harvest 1 (day 10) | Harvest 2 (day 17) | Harvest 3 (day 26) | |
D0 | 11.44 ± 0.20 1 | 11.02 ± 0.37 | 10.83 ± 0.62 |
D05 | 15.00 ± 0.40 | 15.21 ± 0.26 | 14.91 ± 0.35 |
D1 | 12.78 ± 0.78 | 12.21 ± 0.25 | 12.10 ± 0.36 |
D2 | 8.98 ± 0.38 | 11.97 ± 0.61 | 10.71 ± 0.13 |
Significance level | |||
O3 dose (D) | **** (1.68) 2 | ||
Harvest time (H) | NS 3 | ||
D x H | NS |
O3 Dose (mg·L−1) | Leaf Area (cm2) |
---|---|
D0 | 10.55 a 1 |
D05 | 15.04 c |
D1 | 11.09 ab |
D2 | 12.37 b |
O3 Dose (mg·L−1) | Harvest 1 (Day 10) | Harvest 2 (Day 17) | Harvest 3 (Day 26) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
D0 | 1.02 Aa 1,2 | 0.80 Ba | 0.81 Aa | |
D05 | 0.79 Aa | 0.70 Ba | 0.76 Aa | |
Chla | D1 | 0.63 BCb | 0.86 Aba | 0.69 Bab |
D2 | 0.49 Cc | 0.95 Aa | 0.72 Bb | |
D0 | 1.34 Aba | 1.33 Ba | 1.34 Aa | |
D05 | 1.33 Bb | 1.35 Aba | 1.33 Aa | |
Chlb | D1 | 1.32 Bb | 1.36 Aa | 1.34 Aa |
D2 | 1.36 Aa | 1.35 Aa | 1.34 Aa |
O3 Dose (mg·L−1) | Total Phenol Content (mg GAE·g−1 fw) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Harvest 1 (day 10) | Harvest 2 (day 17) | Harvest 3 (day 26) | |
D0 | 0.91 ± 0.07 1 | 0.92 ± 0.03 | 0.88 ± 0.04 |
D05 | 0.88 ± 0.05 | 0.87 ± 0.05 | 0.90 ± 0.03 |
D1 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.02 | 0.86 ± 0.04 |
D2 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.05 |
Significance level | |||
O3 dose (D) | NS 2 | ||
Harvest time (H) | NS | ||
D × H | NS |
O3 Dose (mg·L−1) | SOD (AU mg·protein−1) |
---|---|
D0 | 2.42 b 1 |
D05 | 6.32 a |
D1 | 5.11 a |
D2 | 6.20 a |
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Machuca Vargas, A.; Silveira Gómez, A.C.; Hernández-Adasme, C.; Escalona Contreras, V.H. Effect of the Ozone Application in the Nutrient Solution and the Yield and Oxidative Stress of Hydroponic Baby Red Chard. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111234
Machuca Vargas A, Silveira Gómez AC, Hernández-Adasme C, Escalona Contreras VH. Effect of the Ozone Application in the Nutrient Solution and the Yield and Oxidative Stress of Hydroponic Baby Red Chard. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(11):1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111234
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachuca Vargas, Alejandra, Ana Cecilia Silveira Gómez, Cristian Hernández-Adasme, and Víctor Hugo Escalona Contreras. 2023. "Effect of the Ozone Application in the Nutrient Solution and the Yield and Oxidative Stress of Hydroponic Baby Red Chard" Horticulturae 9, no. 11: 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111234