In Search of Antifungals from the Plant World: The Potential of Saponins and Brassica Species against Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Sources
2.2. Extraction, Purification, and Characterization of Saponins from Medicago spp.
2.3. Extraction and Characterization of Saponins from Avena Sativa Seeds
2.4. Brassica Sprouts Juices Preparation
2.5. Antifungal Activity In Vitro Test
2.6. Phytotoxicity Tests
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Composition of Saponins and Related Sapogenins from Medicago spp.
3.2. Composition of Saponins from Oat Seeds
3.3. Medicago Saponins Antifungal Activity
3.4. Oat Saponins Antifungal Activity
3.5. Brassica Sprouts Juices Antifungal Activity
3.6. Saponins Phytotoxicity
3.7. Brassica Sprouts Juices Phytotoxicity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Species | Plant Tissue | Main Compound | Code |
---|---|---|---|
Medicago arborea | leaves | saponins | Sap1 |
Medicago polymorpha 22507 | leaves | Sap2 | |
Medicago polymorpha 155004 | leaves | Sap3 | |
Medicago sativa | leaves | Sap4 | |
Medicago sativa | leaves | prosapogenins | Pros5 |
Medicago sativa | roots | saponins | Sap6 |
Avena sativa | seeds | saponins | Sap70 |
Brassica oleracea | etiolated sprouts | Brassica homogenates | A |
Brassica oleracea | purple sprouts | B |
Echinocystic Acid | Caulophyllogenin | Hederagenin | Bayogenin | Medicagenic Acid | Zanhic Acid | Soyasapogenol B | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M. arborea leaves | Sap1 | - | - | 0.1 | 3.5 | 27.5 | 45.8 | 10.1 |
M. polymorpha 25570 leaves | Sap2 | 76.5 | 4.6 | 9.7 | 1.5 | - | - | 2.0 |
M. polymorpha 15504 leaves | Sap3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 85.9 | 1.2 | - | - | 2.3 |
M. sativa leaves | Sap4 | - | - | 0.2 | 1.4 | 43.4 | 30.2 | 13.1 |
M. sativa roots | Sap6 | - | - | 19.3 | 2.3 | 64.7 | 2.9 | 3.1 |
n | tR | Molecular Formula | Monoisotopic Mass | [M-H]− (m/z) | Metabolite Annotation | Grade | MS2 (m/z) | % of Total Detected Saponins | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 10.09 | C54H80O21 | 1064.51918 | 1063.7 | Avenacin A2 | C | 16.5 | Crombie et al., 1984 [31] (oat roots); Hu and Sang (2020) (sprouted oat bran) [32] | |
2 | 10.29 | C63H102O33 | 1386.6303 | 1385.8 | Avenacoside D (isomer 1) | B | 1223.3 [M-H-Hexose]−; 1061.0 [M-H-2Hexose]− | 1.4 | Yang et al., 2016 [33] (oat bran) |
3 | 10.52 | C57H92O28 | 1224.57748 | 1223.7 | Isomer to Avenacoside B | B | 1077.4 [M-H-Rha]−; 1061.5 [M-H-Hex]−; 1043.3 [M-H-Hex-H2O]−; 915.3 [M-H-Hex-Rha]−; 899.4 [M-H-2Hex]− | 2.7 | Yang et al., 2016 [33] (oat bran) |
4 | 11.12 | C63H102O33 | 1386.6303 | 1385.8 | Avenacoside D (isomer 2) | B | 1223.3 [M-H-Hex]−; 1061.0 [M-H-2Hex]− | 7.1 | Yang et al., 2016 [33] (oat bran) |
5 | 11.34 | C57H92O28 | 1224.57748 | 1223.7 | Avenacoside B | C | 35.3 | Yang et al., 2016 [33] (oat bran) | |
6 | 11.57 | C51H82O23 | 1062.52466 | 1061.7 | Avenacoside A | A | 915.3 [M-H-Rha]−; 899.3 [M-H-Hex]−; 753.3 [M-H-Rha-Hex]−; 736.3 [M-H-2Hex]− | 28.9 | Tschesche et al. Chem Ber 1969 [34] (seeds and leaves) |
7 | 11.98 | C45H72O18 | 900.47184 | 899.6 | Avenacoside C | B | 753.0 [M-H-Rha]−; 737.3 [M-H-Hex]− | 6.4 | Pecio et al., 2013 [35] (seeds) |
8 | 12.52 | C45H72O18 | 900.47184 | 899.6 | Isomer to Avenacoside C | C | 1.9 | Pecio et al., 2013 [35] (seeds) |
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Morcia, C.; Piazza, I.; Ghizzoni, R.; Delbono, S.; Felici, B.; Baima, S.; Scossa, F.; Biazzi, E.; Tava, A.; Terzi, V.; et al. In Search of Antifungals from the Plant World: The Potential of Saponins and Brassica Species against Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080729
Morcia C, Piazza I, Ghizzoni R, Delbono S, Felici B, Baima S, Scossa F, Biazzi E, Tava A, Terzi V, et al. In Search of Antifungals from the Plant World: The Potential of Saponins and Brassica Species against Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(8):729. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080729
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorcia, Caterina, Isabella Piazza, Roberta Ghizzoni, Stefano Delbono, Barbara Felici, Simona Baima, Federico Scossa, Elisa Biazzi, Aldo Tava, Valeria Terzi, and et al. 2022. "In Search of Antifungals from the Plant World: The Potential of Saponins and Brassica Species against Verticillium dahliae Kleb." Horticulturae 8, no. 8: 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080729