Effects of Plasticulture and Conservation Tillage on Nematode Assemblage and Their Relationships with Nitrous Oxide Emission following a Winter Cover Cropping and Vegetable Production System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Design
2.2. Greenhouse Gas Emission from the Soil (N2O-N)
2.3. Nematode Community Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Edaphic Data
3.2. Effects of Plasticulture and Conservation Tillage on Nematode Community Assemblage
3.3. Effects of Cover Crop Treatments on Nematode Functional Metabolic Footprint over Time
3.4. N2O Emission Corresponding to Nematode Sampling Events
3.5. Relationships between Nematode Assemblage with N2O Emissions
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Plasticulture and Conservation Tillage on Nematode Community Assemblage
4.2. Relationships between Nematode Assemblage with N2O Emissions
4.2.1. Effects of Soil Temperature
4.2.2. Effects of Different Nematode Trophic Groups and C: N of Cover Crops
4.2.3. Soil Aeration
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nematode | Guildz | Nematode | Guild | Nematode | Guild |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achromadora | z A-3 | Zeldia | B-2 | Rotylenchulus | H-3 |
Prochromadora | A-3 | Prismatolaimus | B-3 | Tylenchorhynchus | H-3 |
Monochromadora | A-3 | Plectus | B-2 | Paratrichodorus | H-4 |
Alirhabditis | B-1 | Rhabdolaimus | B-3 | Trichodorus | H-4 |
Anguilloides | B-1 | Teratocephalus | B-3 | Longidorus | H-5 |
Bunonema | B-1 | Alaimus | B-4 | Xiphinema | H-5 |
Diplogasteridae | B-1 | Aphelenchoides | F-2 | Californicus | O-4 |
Diploscapter | B-1 | Aphelenchus | F-2 | Dorylaimoides | O-4 |
Halicephalobus | B-1 | Deladenus | F-2 | Ecumenicus | O-4 |
Panagrobelium | B-1 | Ditylenchus | F-2 | Enchodelus | O-4 |
Panagrolaimus | B-1 | Ecphyadophora | F-2 | Epidorylaimus | O-4 |
Plectonchus | B-1 | Filenchus | F-2 | Eudorylaimus | O-4 |
Rhabditidae | B-1 | Neotylenchus | F-2 | Labronema | O-4 |
Tricephalobus | B-1 | Nothotylenchus | F-2 | Mesodorylaimus | O-4 |
Acrobeles | B-2 | Paraphelenchus | F-2 | Pachydorylaimus | O-4 |
Acrobeloides | B-2 | Paurodontidae | F-2 | Pungentus | O-4 |
Cephalobus | B-2 | Pseudohalenchus | F-2 | Aporcelaimellus | O-5 |
Cervidellus | B-2 | Tylenchus | F-2 | Aporcelaimus | O-5 |
Chronogaster | B-2 | Psilenchus | F-2 | Belondira | O-5 |
Drilocephalobus | B-2 | Diphtherophora | F-3 | Indodorylaimus | O-5 |
Eucephalobus | B-2 | Triplonchium | F-3 | Paraxonchium | O-5 |
Heterocephalobus | B-2 | Leptonchus | F-4 | Seinura | P-2 |
Monhystera | B-2 | Tylencholaimellus | F-4 | Tobrillus | P-3 |
Monhysterella | B-2 | Tylencholaimus | F-4 | Tripyla | P-3 |
Panagrocephalus | B-2 | Psilenchus | H-2 | Cryptonchus | P-4 |
Paracrobeles | B-2 | Helicotylenchus | H-3 | Mononchus | P-4 |
Paraplectonema | B-2 | Heterodera | H-3 | Mylonchulus | P-4 |
Plectus | B-2 | Hoplolaimus | H-3 | Prionchulus | P-4 |
Pseudoacrobeles | B-2 | Meloidogyne | H-3 | Discolaimus | P-5 |
Stegelletina | B-2 | Mesocriconema | H-3 | Nygolaimus | P-5 |
Tylocephalus | B-2 | Paratylenchus | H-3 | Paravulvus | P-5 |
Wilsonema | B-2 | Pratylenchus | H-3 |
Parameter | Treatments | Treatments | Treatment × Date | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
z BG | BP | NT | ST | F-Value | Pr > F | F-Value | Pr > F | |
2012 | ||||||||
Abundance | nematodes/100 cm3 soil | |||||||
Bacterivore | 798 ± 184 a y | 529 ± 57 ab | 408 ± 68 c | 463 ± 53 bc | 5.11 | 0.0052 | 8.47 | <0.0001 |
Fungivore | 1003 ± 230 a | 835 ± 190 a | 1169 ± 207 a | 1071 ± 209 a | 1.06 | 0.38 | 1.19 | 0.338 |
Herbivore | 505 ± 82 a | 733 ± 420 a | 520 ± 161 a | 469 ± 176 a | 0.71 | 0.5556 | 0.32 | 0.9209 |
Omnivore | 120 ± 13 a | 114 ± 10 a | 120 ± 21 a | 131 ± 17 a | 0.41 | 0.7438 | 3.08 | 0.0167 |
Predatory | 41 ± 8 a | 24 ± 5 b | 33 ± 7 ab | 34 ± 9 ab | 3.85 | 0.0182 | 5.47 | 0.0005 |
Indices x | ||||||||
F/F+B | 0.50 ± 0.22 b | 0.53 ± 0.24 b | 0.68 ± 0.19 a | 0.63 ± 0.2 ab | 3.72 | 0.0209 | 1.95 | 0.1025 |
Richness | 24 ± 1 a | 24 ± 1 a | 24 ± 1 a | 24 ± 1 a | 0.31 | 0.8177 | 2.49 | 0.0424 |
MI | 2.26 ± 0.09 ab | 2.16 ± 0.04 b | 2.28 ± 0.07 ab | 2.28 ± 0.04 a | 2.41 | 0.0842 | 5.09 | 0.0009 |
EI | 42.01 ± 4.93 a | 46.76 ± 4.77 a | 41.78 ± 3.24 a | 40.07 ± 3.59 a | 1.54 | 0.2222 | 2 | 0.0937 |
SI | 40.19 ± 6.1 a | 39.37 ± 3.51 a | 37.24 ± 5.26 a | 40.26 ± 3.51 a | 0.27 | 0.8642 | 3.43 | 0.0097 |
CI | 70.65 ± 8.68 b | 61.41 ± 8.63 b | 82.46 ± 4.63 a | 82.89 ± 4 a | 6.35 | 0.0016 | 5.49 | 0.0005 |
2013 | ||||||||
Abundance | nematodes/100 cm3 soil | |||||||
Bacterivore | 664 ± 115 ab | 766 ± 79 a | 478 ± 80 b | 630 ± 131 ab | 2.84 | 0.0526 | 2.16 | 0.073 |
Fungivore | 604 ± 98 a | 447 ± 85 b | 710 ± 127 a | 570 ± 77 ab | 3.29 | 0.0326 | 2.36 | 0.0527 |
Herbivore | 261 ± 71 b | 770 ± 253 a | 339 ± 72 ab | 622 ± 160 a | 3.9 | 0.0172 | 1.1 | 0.3809 |
Omnivore | 46 ± 8 a | 94 ± 21 a | 44 ± 8 a | 53 ±9 a | 1.19 | 0.3285 | 0.92 | 0.4902 |
Predatory | 16 ± 6 b | 8 ± 2 b | 29 ± 5 a | 17 ± 2 ab | 5.25 | 0.0045 | 1.18 | 0.339 |
Indices | ||||||||
F/F+B | 0.48 ± 0.04 a | 0.35 ± 0.04 a | 0.58 0.06 a | 0.49 ± 0.04 a | 6.11 | 0.002 | 1.73 | 0.1451 |
Richness | 25 ± 2 a | 26 ± 1 a | 28 ± 1 a | 28 ± 1 a | 1.28 | 0.2958 | 0.39 | 0.8830 |
MI | 1.85 ± 0.06 a | 1.69 ± 0.03 b | 1.90 ± 0.04 a | 1.79 ± 0.02 ab | 5.11 | 0.0052 | 0.27 | 0.9487 |
EI | 63.15 ± 1.89 a | 66.85 ± 1.75 a | 66.12 ± 3.12 a | 67.47 ± 2.25 a | 0.83 | 0.4893 | 0.99 | 0.4476 |
SI | 33.49 ± 5 a | 32.84 ± 5.05 a | 42.47 ± 3.44 a | 36.05 ± 4.58 a | 1.8 | 0.1667 | 0.55 | 0.7643 |
CI | 37.63 ± 3.55 a | 24.1 ± 2.99 b | 44.13 ± 7.55 a | 33.9 ± 4.5 ab | 3.73 | 0.0206 | 1.56 | 0.1906 |
2014 | ||||||||
Abundance | nematodes/100 cm3 soil | |||||||
Bacterivore | 486 ± 154 a | 418 ± 66 a | 292 ± 32 a | 387 ± 70 a | 0.28 | 0.8418 | 0.2 | 0.9933 |
Fungivore | 384 ± 39 a | 415 ± 102 a | 364 ± 64 a | 485 ± 135 a | 0.45 | 0.7211 | 0.93 | 0.5059 |
Herbivore | 135 ± 46 b | 234 ± 136 b | 239 ± 99 ab | 209 ± 57 a | 2.88 | 0.0461 | 0.63 | 0.7621 |
Omnivore | 40 ± 6 a | 31 ± 4 ab | 25 ± 4 b | 27 ± 6 b | 3.67 | 0.0189 | 2.36 | 0.0579 |
Predatory | 12 ± 3 a | 6 ± 2 b | 12 ± 3 a | 18 ± 4 a | 3.48 | 0.0233 | 0.94 | 0.4976 |
Indices | ||||||||
F/F+B | 0.53 ± 0.05 a | 0.49 ± 0.04 a | 0.53 ± 0.05 a | 0.52 ± 0.05 a | 0.51 | 0.6786 | 0.97 | 0.4735 |
Richness | 22 ± 2 a | 20 ± 1 a | 23 ± 1 a | 23 ± 1 a | 1.41 | 0.2514 | 0.78 | 0.6349 |
MI | 1.72 ± 0.07 a | 1.66 ± 0.11 a | 1.6 ± 0.1 a | 1.57 ± 0.07 a | 0.73 | 0.5375 | 0.32 | 0.9647 |
EI | 65.55 ± 1.96 a | 68.02 ± 3.15 a | 66.87 ± 2.46 a | 68.16 ± 2.55 a | 0.31 | 0.8179 | 0.56 | 0.8211 |
SI | 33.47 ± 2.99 a | 33.27 ± 3.74 a | 39.83 ± 3.27 a | 35.9 ± 3.62 a | 1.54 | 0.2172 | 1.98 | 0.0648 |
CI | 39.64 ± 4.94 a | 37.38 ± 6.53 a | 38.71 ± 5.33 a | 37.17 ± 5.27 a | 0.07 | 0.9752 | 0.59 | 0.7975 |
Parameter | Treatments | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
z BG | BP | NT | ST | F-Value | Pr > F | |
04/30/2012 | ||||||
Abundance | nematodes/100 cm3 soil | |||||
Bacterivore | 1640 ± 98 a y | 563 ± 118 b | 363 ± 98 b | 464 ± 113 b | 16.18 | 0.0006 |
Omnivore | 89 ± 16 b | 102 ± 17 ab | 183 ± 46 a | 157 ± 43 ab | 3.61 | 0.0587 |
Predatory | 58 ± 13 a | 24 ± 5 b | 62 ± 2 a | 70 ± 16 a | 4.26 | 0.0395 |
CI | 34 ± 7 b | 38 ± 8 b | 74 ± 8 a | 80 ± 1 a | 16.10 | 0.0006 |
05/29/2012 | ||||||
Abundance | nematodes/100 cm3 soil | |||||
Bacterivore | 424 ± 59 a | 484 ± 66 a | 654 ± 79 a | 566 ± 98 a | 1.46 | 0.2896 |
Omnivore | 132 ± 17 a | 111 ± 14 ab | 99 ± 11 b | 141 ± 22 a | 4.08 | 0.0438 |
Predatory | 51 ± 11 a | 42 ± 6 a | 20 ± 4 b | 15 ± 3 b | 10.92 | 0.0023 |
CI | 78 ± 6 a | 80 ± 5 a | 73 ± 3 a | 68 ± 2 a | 1.28 | 0.3381 |
08/31/2012 | ||||||
Abundance | nematodes/100 cm3 soil | |||||
Bacterivore | 329 ± 49 ab | 540 ± 127 a | 207 ± 23 b | 360 ± 42 ab | 4.58 | 0.0329 |
Omnivore | 140 ± 27 a | 131 ± 20 a | 79 ± 23 a | 97 ± 9 a | 1.94 | 0.1943 |
Predatory | 16 ± 3 a | 7 ± 2 b | 17 ± 5 ab | 18 ± 5 a | 3.12 | 0.0810 |
CI | 100 ± 0 a | 66 ± 21 a | 100 ± 0 a | 100 ± 0 a | 2.62 | 0.1153 |
Treatments | Contrast (p Values) x | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | z BG | BP | NT | ST | BP vs. no BP | BG vs. CT | NT vs. ST |
N2O g ha−1 | |||||||
2012 | 1.97 y | 5.60 | 3.80 | 2.94 | 0.040 * | NS | NS |
2013 | 3.28 | 7.10 | 1.33 | 4.21 | 0.019 * | NS | NS |
2014 | 24.58 | 84.25 | 28.80 | 16.01 | 0.005 ** | NS | NS |
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Wang, K.-H.; Waisen, P.; Paudel, R.; Chen, G.; Meyer, S.L.F.; Hooks, C.R.R. Effects of Plasticulture and Conservation Tillage on Nematode Assemblage and Their Relationships with Nitrous Oxide Emission following a Winter Cover Cropping and Vegetable Production System. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080728
Wang K-H, Waisen P, Paudel R, Chen G, Meyer SLF, Hooks CRR. Effects of Plasticulture and Conservation Tillage on Nematode Assemblage and Their Relationships with Nitrous Oxide Emission following a Winter Cover Cropping and Vegetable Production System. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(8):728. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080728
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Koon-Hui, Philip Waisen, Roshan Paudel, Guihua Chen, Susan Lynn Fricke Meyer, and Cerruti R. R. Hooks. 2022. "Effects of Plasticulture and Conservation Tillage on Nematode Assemblage and Their Relationships with Nitrous Oxide Emission following a Winter Cover Cropping and Vegetable Production System" Horticulturae 8, no. 8: 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080728