Evaluation of Probiotic Strains Isolated from Artemisia argyi Fermentation Liquor and the Antagonistic Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum against Pathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Isolation and Identification of Strains from AAFL
2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.3. Growth Curve and Acid Production
2.4. Antimicrobial Activity Assay
2.5. Determination of Antibiotic Susceptibility
2.6. Detection of Biogenic Amine Production
2.7. Growth Characteristics of Strains in the Presence of Bile Salts and Acid
2.8. Survival of Strains under Simulated Gastric and Intestinal Fluid
2.9. Adhesive Ability of Strains to Caco-2 Cells
2.10. Preparation of AAFL-LP
2.11. Antimicrobial Activity of AAFL-LP by Oxford Cup Assay
2.12. Genomic DNA Extraction and Genome Analysis
2.13. Identification of Bacteriocin-Encoding Genes of L. plantarum WLPL01
2.14. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Isolation and Identification of Strains from AAFL
3.2. Growth Curve and Acid Production of Strains
3.3. Antibiotic Sensitivity and Biogenic Amine Test of Strains
3.4. Antimicrobial Activity of Strains
3.5. Survival of Strains in Mimic GI and Adhesion to Caco-2 Cells
3.6. Antimicrobial Activity of L. plantarum WLPL01-Fermented AAFL (AAFL-LP) against Pathogens
3.7. Genome Analysis and Bacteriocin Identification of L. plantarum WLPL01
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strains | MICs a (μg/mL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CHL | AMP | CIP | POLY | TET | ERY | GEN | |
WLPL01 | 2 | 2 | 64 | 128 | 16 | ≤1 | 64 |
WLCA01 | 2 | 2 | 64 | 512 | 1 | ≤1 | 128 R |
WLCA02 | 2 | 2 | 128 | 512 | 1 | ≤1 | 128 R |
WLCA03 | ≤1 | 2 | 128 | 256 | ≤1 | ≤1 | 32 |
WLHA01 | 2 | 2 | 64 | 256 | 2 | ≤1 | 128 R |
WLBU01 | 4 | 2 | 64 | 4 | 16 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
WLBU02 | 8 | 2 | 128 | 4 | 32 R | ≤1 | ≤1 |
WLBU03 | 4 | 2 | 128 | 4 | 32 R | ≤1 | ≤1 |
WLBU04 | 4 | 2 | 128 | 8 | 32 R | ≤1 | ≤1 |
WLBU05 | <1 | 2 | 128 | 4 | 32 R | ≤1 | ≤1 |
Strain | Resistance to Bile Salt (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
0.15% | 0.30% | 0.45% | |
WLPL01 | 11.90 ± 2.04 | 11.23 ± 2.15 | 12.01 ± 4.47 |
WLCA01 | 14.43 ± 0.17 | 13.39 ± 0.42 | 12.50 ± 0.87 |
WLCA02 | 14.50 ± 0.44 | 13.04 ± 0.42 | 11.81 ± 0.39 |
WLCA03 | 13.35 ± 0.97 | 12.69 ± 0.62 | 11.73 ± 0.81 |
WLHA01 | 10.34 ± 0.10 | 10.23 ± 0.17 | 9.56 ± 0.17 |
Strain | L. plantarum WLPL01 | L. plantarum WCFS1 |
---|---|---|
Source | A. argyi fermentation liquor | Human saliva |
Chromosomal (bp) | 3,142,471 | 3,308,274 |
G + C Content (%) | 44.68% | 45.6% |
Total number of genes | 2946 | 3174 |
Coding genes | 2942 | 3063 |
Total No. of RNA | 146 | 88 |
No. of tRNA | 70 | 70 |
No. of rRNA | 16 | 15 |
No. of nc RNA | 60 | 3 |
No. of CRISPER array | 0 | 0 |
No. of prophage region | 8 | 4 |
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Zhan, H.; He, Y.; Wang, Q.; Lu, Q.; He, L.; Tao, X.; Wei, H. Evaluation of Probiotic Strains Isolated from Artemisia argyi Fermentation Liquor and the Antagonistic Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum against Pathogens. Fermentation 2023, 9, 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9060536
Zhan H, He Y, Wang Q, Lu Q, He L, Tao X, Wei H. Evaluation of Probiotic Strains Isolated from Artemisia argyi Fermentation Liquor and the Antagonistic Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum against Pathogens. Fermentation. 2023; 9(6):536. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9060536
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhan, Hui, Yao He, Qi’an Wang, Qingzi Lu, Lihua He, Xueying Tao, and Hua Wei. 2023. "Evaluation of Probiotic Strains Isolated from Artemisia argyi Fermentation Liquor and the Antagonistic Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum against Pathogens" Fermentation 9, no. 6: 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9060536