Modeling the Viscosity of Concentrated Nanoemulsions and Nanosuspensions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Dilute Dispersions
2.2. Non-Dilute Dispersions
3. New Viscosity Model for Concentrated Nanoemulsions and Nanosuspensions
Estimation of the Solvation and Aggregation Coefficients
4. Comparison of Model Predictions with Experimental Data and Discussion
4.1. Scaling of Relative Viscosity of Nanoemulsions and Nanosuspensions
4.2. Influence of Viscosity Ratio on the Relative Viscosity of Nanoemulsions
5. Conclusions
- •
- The relative viscosity of a nanofluid is strongly affected by factors such as solvation and aggregation of nanoparticles/nanodroplets. In the case of nanoemulsions, the additional factor affecting the viscosity is the viscosity ratio (ratio of nanodroplet viscosity to base fluid viscosity).
- •
- The relative viscosity data for different nanofluids can be collapsed together on to a single unique curve if the data are plotted as relative viscosity versus volume fraction of solvated nanoparticles/nanodroplets. This scaling approach is valid for both nanosuspensions and nanoemulsions.
- •
- A new modified version of the Oldroyd model describes the relative viscosity versus particulate concentration behavior of nanoemulsions and nanosuspensions reasonably well. The model takes into consideration the influences of the viscosity ratio, solvation and aggregation of nanoparticles/nanodroplets.
- •
- The influence of the viscosity ratio on the relative viscosity of nanoemulsions is important. The relative viscosity of a nanoemulsion increases substantially with the increase in the viscosity ratio.
- •
- Systematic experimental studies on the effect of viscosity ratio on viscous behavior of nanoemulsions are lacking. More work needs to be done in this area.
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Set No | Type of Nanofluid | Type and Diameter of un-Solvated Nanoparticles (nm) | Temperature (°C) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | nanoemulsion | oil nanodroplets; 205 nm | 20 | Van der Waarden [44] |
2 | nanoemulsion | oil nanodroplets; 102 nm | 20 | Van der Waarden [44] |
3 | nanoemulsion | oil nanodroplets; 58.5 nm | 20 | Van der Waarden [44] |
4 | nanoemulsion | oil nanodroplets; 27.5 nm | 20 | Van der Waarden [44] |
5 | nanosuspension | Al2O3 ; 36 nm | 22–25 | Nguyen et al. [14] |
6 | nanosuspension | Al2O3 ; 47 nm | 22–25 | Nguyen et al. [14] |
7 | nanosuspension | CuO ; 29 nm | 22–25 | Nguyen et al. [18] |
8 | nanosuspension | Poly(styrene) latex; 146 nm | 20 | Weiss et al. [53] |
9 | nanosuspension | Polymer; 56 nm | 20 | Jones et al. [54] |
10 | nanosuspension | Silica; 50 nm | 20 | Jones et al. [55] |
Set No | Type of Nanofluid and Diameter (nm) | Intrinsic Viscosity, [η] | Solvation Coefficient, ks | Thickness of Solvation Nanolayer, (nm) | Volume Fraction of Solvated Layer in the Solvated Droplet, |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Nanoemulsion (205) | 2.65 | 1.077 | 2.58 | 0.072 |
2 | Nanoemulsion (102) | 3.05 | 1.243 | 3.83 | 0.195 |
3 | Nanoemulsion (58.5) | 3.8 | 1.555 | 4.64 | 0.357 |
4 | Nanoemulsion (27.5) | 4.9 | 2.018 | 3.63 | 0.504 |
5 | Nanosuspension (36) | 5.65 | 2.26 | 5.62 | 0.557 |
6 | Nanosuspension (47) | 10 | 4.0 | 13.80 | 0.75 |
7 | Nanosuspension (29) | 11 | 4.4 | 9.26 | 0.773 |
8 | Nanosuspension (146) | 3.9 | 1.56 | 11.66 | 0.359 |
9 | Nanosuspension (56) | 3.39 | 1.36 | 3.02 | 0.265 |
10 | Nanosuspension (50) | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 |
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Pal, R. Modeling the Viscosity of Concentrated Nanoemulsions and Nanosuspensions. Fluids 2016, 1, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids1020011
Pal R. Modeling the Viscosity of Concentrated Nanoemulsions and Nanosuspensions. Fluids. 2016; 1(2):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids1020011
Chicago/Turabian StylePal, Rajinder. 2016. "Modeling the Viscosity of Concentrated Nanoemulsions and Nanosuspensions" Fluids 1, no. 2: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids1020011