A Gellan Gum, Polyethylene Glycol, Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold with the Addition of Ginseng Derived Compound K with Possible Applications in Bone Regeneration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Morphological Analysis
2.2. Mechanical Properties
2.3. Chemical Analysis
2.4. Thermal Analysis
2.5. Swelling and Weight Loss
2.6. Preliminary in Vitro Test: MTT Assay
2.7. Mineralization
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Scaffolds Preparation
4.3. Morphological Analysis
4.4. Mechanical Test
4.5. Chemical Analysis
4.6. Thermal Analysis
4.7. Swelling and Degradation
4.8. Preliminary In Vitro Test: MTT Assay and SEM Imaging
4.9. Mineralization
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | Mean µm | St. Dev. µm | Skew | Kurt | Min µm | Q1 µm | Median µm | Q3 µm | Max µm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GG:PEG | 197.2 | 102.1 | 0.79 | 0.73 | 25.7 | 118.7 | 188.3 | 260.0 | 557.7 |
GG:PEG:HA10% | 180.4 | 88.4 | 0.47 | −0.69 | 46.2 | 106.7 | 169.9 | 254.9 | 410.5 |
GG:PEG:HA15% | 196.2 | 90.2 | 0.61 | 0.23 | 49.6 | 133.4 | 190.5 | 238.4 | 463.2 |
GG:PEG:HA20% | 152.3 | 71.4 | 1.16 | 1.52 | 32.9 | 102.6 | 137.3 | 176.7 | 399.1 |
GG:PEG:HA20%:CK | 144.8 | 116.4 | 2.63 | 9.70 | 23.0 | 68.9 | 112.1 | 182.6 | 728.5 |
GG | GG:PEG | GG:PEG:HA10% | GG:PEG:HA15% | GG:PEG:HA20% | GG:PEG:HA20%:CK | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDry (kPa) | 408 ± 16 | 959 ± 34 | 1078 ± 46 | 1084 ± 20 | 1494 ± 73 | 1591 ± 33 |
EWet (KPa) | 86 ± 3 | 438 ± 27 | 872 ± 18 | 1018 ± 45 | 1152 ± 54 | 860 ± 36 |
Loss (%) | 78 | 54 | 19 | 6 | 23 | 46 |
Scaffold | Temperature Range (°C) | Weight Loss (%) | Assignment |
---|---|---|---|
GG:PEG | 25–125 | 6.3 | Water Loss |
125–175 | 0.36 | - | |
175–283 | 31.1 | Deg. GG | |
283–345 | 8.1 | Deg. PEG | |
345–700 | 9.04 (Residue 45.1) | Deg. GG:PEG | |
GG:PEG:HA10% | 25–125 | 6.6 | Water Loss |
125–200 | 0.33 | - | |
200–287 | 31.1 | Deg. GG | |
287–700 | 11.62 (Residue 50.3) | Deg. GG:PEG | |
GG:PEG:HA15% | 25–130 | 10.62 | Water Loss |
130–200 | 0.36 | - | |
200–292 | 27.74 | Deg. GG | |
292–700 | 10.1 (Residue 51.3) | Deg. GG:PEG | |
GG:PEG:HA20% | 24–140 | 10.13 | Water Loss |
140–208 | 0.45 | - | |
208–303 | 27.88 | Deg. GG | |
303–700 | 9.18 (Residue 52.36) | Deg. GG:PEG | |
GG:PEG:HA20%:CK | 25–110 | 6.41 | Water Loss |
110–150 | 0.57 | - | |
150–284 | 24.95 | Deg. GG | |
284–385 | 8.66 | Deg. PEG | |
385–529 | 6.46 | Deg. GG:PEG:CK | |
529–700 | 2.13 (Residue 50.82) | Deg. GG:PEG:CK |
Sample | 5 Days | 10 Days | 15 Days | 20 Days | 25 Days | 30 Days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Swelling (%) | ||||||
GG:PEG | 865 ± 118 | 2124 ± 553 | 2259 ± 769 | 2584 ± 537 | 2123 ± 378 | 1792 ± 563 |
GG:PEG:HA10% | 164 ± 39 | 619 ± 34 | 516 ± 66 | 620 ± 58 | 595 ± 68 | 572 ± 109 |
GG:PEG:HA15% | 157 ± 47 | 439 ± 79 | 399 ± 184 | 456 ± 96 | 470 ± 73 | 435 ± 36 |
GG:PEG:HA20% | 87 ± 4 | 323 ± 49 | 364 ± 29 | 356 ± 40 | 356 ± 43 | 338 ± 46 |
GG:PEG:HA20%:CK | 131 ± 44 | 299 ± 107 | 324 ± 97 | 249 ± 70 | 312 ± 70 | 333 ± 56 |
Degradation (%) | ||||||
GG:PEG | 14 ± 1 | 27 ± 4 | 22 ± 2 | 32 ± 6 | 33 ± 11 | 37 ± 10 |
GG:PEG:HA10% | 10 ± 1 | 16 ± 4 | 14 ± 2 | 14 ± 1 | 13 ± 1 | 17 ± 3 |
GG:PEG:HA15% | 12 ± 1 | 11 ± 4 | 10 ± 1 | 12 ± 2 | 15 ± 1 | 15 ± 7 |
GG:PEG:HA20% | 5 ± 2 | 4 ± 1 | 6 ± 1 | 6 ± 2 | 5 ± 1 | 7 ± 1 |
GG:PEG:HA20%:CK | 4 ± 4 | 3 ± 3 | 3 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 | 5 ± 2 | 7 ± 1 |
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Thangavelu, M.; Kim, P.-Y.; Cho, H.; Song, J.-E.; Park, S.; Bucciarelli, A.; Khang, G. A Gellan Gum, Polyethylene Glycol, Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold with the Addition of Ginseng Derived Compound K with Possible Applications in Bone Regeneration. Gels 2024, 10, 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10040257
Thangavelu M, Kim P-Y, Cho H, Song J-E, Park S, Bucciarelli A, Khang G. A Gellan Gum, Polyethylene Glycol, Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold with the Addition of Ginseng Derived Compound K with Possible Applications in Bone Regeneration. Gels. 2024; 10(4):257. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10040257
Chicago/Turabian StyleThangavelu, Muthukumar, Pil-Yun Kim, Hunhwi Cho, Jeong-Eun Song, Sunjae Park, Alessio Bucciarelli, and Gilson Khang. 2024. "A Gellan Gum, Polyethylene Glycol, Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold with the Addition of Ginseng Derived Compound K with Possible Applications in Bone Regeneration" Gels 10, no. 4: 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10040257