Exploring the Diversity and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degrading Potential of Epiphytic Fungi on Hornbeams from Chronically Polluted Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Sampling of Hornbeam Leaves from Three Differently Polluted Areas in Poland
2.2. Isolation of Biomass from Hornbeam Phyllosphere
2.3. Total gDNA Extraction from Leaf Wash Suspensions
2.4. Community Fingerprint Analyses
2.5. Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing
2.6. Isolation of Culturable Epiphytic Fungi
2.7. Improving Isolation of Culturable Epiphytic Fungi via Enrichment Cultures
2.8. Genotypic Characterization of the Isolates
2.9. Laccase and Peroxidase Enzyme Assays
2.10. Fungal Hydroxyl Radical Production Assay
2.11. MAH and PAH Tolerance Test
2.12. Naphthalene Degradation Assay
2.13. Analyses of Naphthalene Concentrations Using GC-MS
2.14. Statistical Analyses
2.15. NCBI Accession Numbers
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of the Hornbeam Epiphytic Fungal Communities via Community Fingerprint
3.2. Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing of Hornbeam Epiphytic Communities
3.3. Fungal Cultivable Isolates from the Hornbeam Leaves
3.4. Laccase and Peroxidase Activities
3.5. Hydroxyl Radical Production
3.6. MAH and PAH Tolerance
3.7. Naphthalene Degradation
4. Discussion
4.1. Hornbeam Epiphytic Fungal Communities
4.2. Catabolic Enzymes Involved in the Degradation of AHs
4.3. Tolerance to MAH and PAH and Napthalene Degradation Potential
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungi | Bacteria [20] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Bóbrka | 14,106.00 | 7097.73 | 340,110.50 | 64,229.54 |
Białowieża | 4449.00 | 1011.79 | 426,475.33 | 77,314.96 |
Warsaw | 5704.17 | 4734.63 | 336,557.33 | 62,557.18 |
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Imperato, V.; Portillo-Estrada, M.; Saran, A.; Thoonen, A.; Kowalkowski, Ł.; Gawronski, S.W.; Rineau, F.; Vangronsveld, J.; Thijs, S. Exploring the Diversity and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degrading Potential of Epiphytic Fungi on Hornbeams from Chronically Polluted Areas. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110972
Imperato V, Portillo-Estrada M, Saran A, Thoonen A, Kowalkowski Ł, Gawronski SW, Rineau F, Vangronsveld J, Thijs S. Exploring the Diversity and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degrading Potential of Epiphytic Fungi on Hornbeams from Chronically Polluted Areas. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(11):972. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110972
Chicago/Turabian StyleImperato, Valeria, Miguel Portillo-Estrada, Anabel Saran, Anneleen Thoonen, Łukasz Kowalkowski, Stanislaw W. Gawronski, Francois Rineau, Jaco Vangronsveld, and Sofie Thijs. 2021. "Exploring the Diversity and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degrading Potential of Epiphytic Fungi on Hornbeams from Chronically Polluted Areas" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 11: 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110972