Nutrigenomic Effect of Saturated and Unsaturated Long Chain Fatty Acids on Lipid-Related Genes in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells: What Is the Role of PPARγ?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture and Treatments
2.2. RNA Extraction, RNA Quality, Primer Design, and qPCR
2.3. Data Transformation, Relative mRNA Abundance, and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Relative Abundance of Measured Transcripts
3.2. Genes Affected by Synthetic Agonist and Antagonist of PPARγ
3.2.1. LCFA and Triacylglycerol Synthesis
3.2.2. LCFA Transport
3.2.3. Transcription Regulation and other Functions
3.3. mRNA Abundance and Overall Effects of LCFA
3.3.1. Fatty Acid Synthesis and Desaturation
3.3.2. Fatty Acid Transport
3.3.3. Transcriptional Regulation of Lipogenesis
3.3.4. Lipid Droplet Formation and Ketone Body Utilization
3.4. Transcriptomic Effect of LCFA via PPARγ
3.5. Comparison with MACT Cells
3.5.1. Proportion of mRNA Abundance of Lipogenic Genes between MACT and GMEC
3.5.2. C18:0 Affects Transcription of More Lipogenic Genes in GMEC than MACT
4. Discussion
4.1. GMEC Have a Weak Response to Rosiglitazone but Respond to PPARγ Antagonist
4.2. C16:0 Elicits a Strong Transcriptome Effect but C18:0 Is a More Specific PPARγ Agonist in GMEC
4.3. Basal Activation of PPAR Is Essential for Nutrigenomic Activity of CLA and DHA
4.4. Response of Mammary Cells from Goat vs. Bovine to LCFA: Similar but Different
4.5. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Transcript | PPARγ * | ||
---|---|---|---|
Activator | Inhibitor | Target Gene | |
LCFA Synthesis and Desaturation and TAG Synthesis | |||
ACACA | No | ↓ (p = 0.09) | Maybe |
ACSL1 | No | ↓ | Likely |
AGPAT6 | ↑ | No | Likely not # |
GPAM | No | ↓ | Likely |
DGAT1 | No | ↓ (p = 0.06) | Maybe |
FADS1 | No | No | No |
FASN | ↑ | ↑ | ?? |
LPIN1 | No | ↓ | Likely |
SCD1 | ↑ | No | Yes |
LCFA Transport | |||
CD36 | No | No | No |
FABP3 | No | ↓ | Likely |
FABP4 | No | No | No |
LPL | No | ↓ | Likely |
SLC27A1 | No | ↓ | Likely |
VLDLR | No | No | No |
Transcription Regulation | |||
INSIG1 | No | No | No |
NCOR1 | No | ↓ | Likely |
NR1H3 | ↑ | ↓ | Yes |
PPARD | No | ↓ | Likely |
PPARG | No | ↓ | Likely |
RXRA | No | No | No |
SCAP | No | No | No |
SREBF1 | No | No | No |
SREBF2 | No | ↓ | Likely |
Others | |||
BDH1 | No | No | No |
MID1lP1 | No | No | No |
OXCT1 | No | No | No |
PLIN2 | ↑ | ↑ (p = 0.11) | Maybe |
Transcript | Effect of LCFA (without/with GW9662) * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C16:0 | C18:0 | CLA | DHA | EPA | |
LCFA Synthesis and Desaturation and TAG Synthesis | |||||
ACACA | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/↓ | -/↓ |
ACSL1 | -/- | -/↑ | -/- | -/↓ | ↓/- |
AGPAT6 | -/↑ | ↑/↑ | -/↑ | ↑/↑ | -/↑ |
DGAT1 | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/↓# | -/- |
FADS1 | ↑/↑ | ↑/- | ↓/- | -/↓ | ↓/↓ |
FASN | ↑/- | ↑/- | -/- | -/↓ | ↓/↓ |
GPAM | -/↓ | -/- | -/- | -/↓ | ↓/↓ |
LPIN1 | -/↑ | -/- | ↓/- | -/- | -/- |
SCD1 | ↑/↑ | ↑/- | -/- | -/↓$ | ↓/- |
LCFA Transport | |||||
CD36 | ↑/↑ | ↑/- | ↑/- | -/↑ | -/↑ |
FABP3 | ↑/↑ | ↑/- | ↓/↑ | -/- | -/- |
FABP4 | ↑/↑ | ↑/- | ↑/↑ | -/- | ↓/- |
LPL | ↑↑/↑ | -/↑ | -/↑ | -/↑ | -/↑ |
SLC27A1 | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/↓$ | -/- |
VLDLR | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/↓$ | -/- |
Transcription Regulation | |||||
INSIG1 | ↑/↑ | ↑/↑ | ↓/- | -/- | ↓/- |
NCOR1 | ↓/- | ↓/↑ | ↓/↑ | -/↓$ | -/- |
NR1H3 | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/↓ | ↓/↓ |
PPARD | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/↓ | -/- |
PPARG | ↑/↑ | -/↑ | -/- | -/↓ | -/↑ |
RXRA | -/- | -/- | ↓/- | -/- | -/↓# |
SCAP | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/↓ | ↓/↓ |
SREBF1 | ↑↑/↑ | ↑/↑ | ↓/- | -/↓ | -/- |
SREBF2 | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/↓$ | -/- |
Others | |||||
BDH1 | -/- | -/- | ↓/- | ↓/↓ | ↓/↓ |
MID1lP1 | ↑/↑ | -/↑ | -/↑ | -/↑ | -/↑ |
OXCT1 | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | ↓/↓ |
PLIN2 | ↑/↑ | ↑/- | ↑/↑ | ↑/↑ | ↑/↑↑ |
PPARγ agonist | Weak | Weak+ | No | No | No |
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez, E.; Zhao, W.; Bionaz, M.; Luo, J.; Loor, J.J. Nutrigenomic Effect of Saturated and Unsaturated Long Chain Fatty Acids on Lipid-Related Genes in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells: What Is the Role of PPARγ? Vet. Sci. 2019, 6, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6020054
Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Zhao W, Bionaz M, Luo J, Loor JJ. Nutrigenomic Effect of Saturated and Unsaturated Long Chain Fatty Acids on Lipid-Related Genes in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells: What Is the Role of PPARγ? Veterinary Sciences. 2019; 6(2):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6020054
Chicago/Turabian StyleVargas-Bello-Pérez, Einar, Wangsheng Zhao, Massimo Bionaz, Jun Luo, and Juan J. Loor. 2019. "Nutrigenomic Effect of Saturated and Unsaturated Long Chain Fatty Acids on Lipid-Related Genes in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells: What Is the Role of PPARγ?" Veterinary Sciences 6, no. 2: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6020054