Evolution of Phenolic Compound Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Syrah Red and Sparkling Moscatel Wines Stored in Bottles of Different Colors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Samples
2.3. Basic Parameters, CIE L*a*b* Color, Total Phenolic and Monomeric Anthocyanins
2.4. Antioxidant Activity In Vitro
2.5. Determination of Phenolic Compounds Profile by RP-HPLC/DAD/FD
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Basic Parameters of Wines
3.2. Color Evolution Based on the CIE L*a*b* System
3.3. Evolution of the Individual Phenolic Compounds
3.3.1. Sparkling Moscatel
3.3.2. Syrah Red Wine
3.4. Principal Component Analysis
3.5. Antioxidant Activity In Vitro
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basic Parameters | Sparkling Moscatel | Syrah |
---|---|---|
pH | 3.40 ± 0.02 | 3.90 ± 0.02 |
Titratable acidity (g L−1) | 7.6 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.2 |
Alcohol content (% v/v) | 9.1 ± 0.1 | 13.1 ± 0.1 |
Volatile acidity (g L−1) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
Free SO2 (mg L−1) | 47 ± 2 | 52 ± 2 |
Total SO2 (mg L−1) | 159 ± 1 | 96 ± 1 |
Color | Reference (0 Months) | Clear Bottle | Green Bottle | Amber Bottle | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 Months | 6 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | 3 Months | 6 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | 3 Months | 6 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | ||
Sparkling Moscatel | |||||||||||||
L* | 54.03 ± 0.40 | 53.69 ± 0.55 a | 53.75 ± 0.34 a | 53.89 ± 0.42 a | 54.21 ± 0.06 a | 53.36 ± 0.08 ab | 53.58 ± 0.31 a | 53.63 ± 0.48 a | 54.08 ± 0.26 a | 54.08 ± 0.12 a | 52.47 ± 0.09 b | 53.53 ± 0.15 a | 53.53 ± 0.45 a |
a* | −1.12 ± 0.21 | −1.10 ± 0.20 a | −1.45 ± 0.23 a | −1.65 ± 0.16 ab | −2.04 ± 0.04 bc | −1.58 ± 0.06 ab | −1.64 ± 0.17 ab | −1.67 ± 0.15 ab | −2.15 ± 0.03 c | −1.62 ± 0.10 ab | 1.51 ± 0.25 a | −1.72 ± 0.18 abc | −2.05 ± 0.03 bc |
b* | 6.90 ± 0.47 | 8.05 ± 0.50 de | 8.94 ± 1.11 bcde | 9.44 ± 0.73 bcd | 11.87 ± 0.23 a | 8.35 ± 0.10 cde | 9.50 ± 0.26 bc | 10.20 ± 0.16 b | 12.70 ± 0.31 a | 7.74 ± 0.24 e | 9.71 ± 0.58 bc | 10.20 ± 0.24 b | 12.45 ± 0.19 a |
C* | 7.00 ± 0.44 | 8.20 ± 0.54 d | 9.39 ± 0.68 bc | 9.59 ± 0.74 bc | 12.04 ± 0.23 a | 8.49 ± 0.11 cd | 9.64 ± 0.29 b | 10.33 ± 0.14 b | 12.88 ± 0.31 a | 7.91 ± 0.22 d | 10.16 ± 0.03 b | 10.35 ± 0.23 b | 12.62 ± 0.19 a |
Syrah red wine | |||||||||||||
L* | 17.55 ± 1.11 | 13.48 ± 0.34 cd | 14.24 ± 0.37 bc | 15.82 ± 0.27 a | 13.97 ± 0.22 bcd | 13.62 ± 0.49 bcd | 14.10 ± 0.03 bc | 13.57 ± 0.1 bcd | 13.66 ± 0.09 bcd | 14.36 ± 0.31 b | 13.24 ± 0.09 d | 15.91 ± 0.26 a | 13.75 ± 0.38 bcd |
a* | 7.99 ± 0.57 | 4.47 ± 0.38 bcd | 4.34 ± 0.37 cde | 3.52 ± 0.05 de | 3.48 ± 0.44 e | 4.33 ± 0.23 cde | 4.39 ± 0.21 cde | 5.49 ± 0.46 a | 4.49 ± 0.35 e | 5.39 ± 0.33 ab | 4.59 ± 0.21 abc | 4.56 ± 0.39 abc | 3.69 ± 0.26 cde |
b* | 6.74 ± 0.84 | 6.51 ± 0.27 a | 6.60 ± 0.28 a | 5.02 ± 0.04 c | 6.08 ± 0.43 ab | 6.27 ± 0.24 ab | 6.56 ± 0.09 a | 6.59 ± 0.19 a | 6.29 ± 0.24 a | 6.27 ± 0.40 ab | 6.67 ± 0.13 a | 5.49 ± 0.38 bc | 6.37 ± 0.21 a |
C* | 10.46 ± 0.90 | 7.39 ± 0.27 cd | 8.46 ± 0.21 ab | 6.39 ± 0.20 d | 6.39 ± 0.35 d | 8.45 ± 0.37 ab | 8.44 ± 0.44 ab | 7.78 ± 0.21 bc | 7.54 ± 0.34 bc | 7.69 ± 0.41 bc | 8.45 ± 0.18 ab | 8.84 ± 0.56 a | 7.36 ± 0.31 cd |
h* | 40.07 ± 2.54 | 57.74 ± 0.26 bc | 53.99 ± 0.90 cde | 54.72 ± 0.46 cde | 64.36 ± 4.31 a | 55.14 ± 0.68 bcde | 52.40 ± 1.26 de | 58.01 ± 0.27 bc | 56.52 ± 0.82 bcd | 51.26 ± 0.15 e | 54.47 ± 2.67 cde | 53.15 ± 2.17 cde | 59.92 ± 1.16 ab |
Compounds | Reference (0 Months) | Clear Bottle | Green Bottle | Amber Bottle | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 Months | 6 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | 3 Months | 6 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | 3 Months | 6 months | 9 Months | 12 Months | ||
Flavonols | |||||||||||||
Kaempferol | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a |
Quercetin | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.0 d | 1.0 ± 0.2 abc | 0.9 ± 0.1 c | 1.1 ± 0.0 ab | 0.3 ± 0.0 d | 1.0 ± 0.7 bc | 0.9 ± 0.1 c | 1.2 ± 0.1 a | 1.0 ± 0.0 bc | 0.9 ± 0.1 bc | 0.9 ± 0.1 c | 1.1 ± 0.1 ab |
Isorhamnetin | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.12 ± 0.0 b | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 ab | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 ab | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 ab | 0.1 ± 0.0 a |
Myricetin | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 b | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 b | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a |
Rutin | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 e | 0.2 ± 0.0 bcd | 0.2 ± 0.0 cd | 0.2 ± 0.0 cd | 0.1 ± 0.0 e | 0.2 ± 0.0 bc | 0.2 ± 0.0 ab | 0.2 ± 0.0 e | 0.2 ± 0.0 bc | 0.2 ± 0.0 cd | 0.2 ± 0.0 cd | 0.3 ± 0.0 a |
Ʃ Flavonols | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.9 |
Flavanols | |||||||||||||
Catechin | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.0 c | 1.8 ± 0.1 b | 1.7 ± 0.1 b | 6.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5 ± 0.0 c | 1.8 ± 0.0 b | 1.7 ± 0.1 b | 5.8 ± 0.0 a | 1.7 ± 0.1 b | 1.7 ± 0.1 b | 1.6 ± 0.2 b | 5.8 ± 0.0 a |
Epicatechin | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.0 e | 1.0 ± 0.0 abc | 0.9 ± 0.1 bc | 0.5 ± 0.1 d | 0.3 ± 0.0 e | 1.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.8 ± 0.0 bc | 0.9 ± 0.0 abc | 0.9 ± 0.0 abc | 0.9 ± 0.1 abc | 0.8 ± 0.0 c | 0.8 ± 0.1 c |
Epigallocatechin | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.0 fg | 0.7 ± 0.0 c | 1.1 ± 0.0 b | 1.2 ± 0.0 b | 0.3 ± 0.0 g | 0.4 ± 0.0 efg | 0.5 ± 0.0 cdef | 1.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.6 ± 0.0 cd | 0.7 ± 0.2 c | 0.5 ± 0.0 cde | 1.2 ± 0.0 b |
Epicatechin gallate | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 fg | 0.8 ± 0.0 cd | 0.9 ± 0.0 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 fg | 0.5 ± 0.0 fg | 0.6 ± 0.0 e | 0.8 ± 0.0 b | 0.5 ± 0.0 g | 0.7 ± 0.0 d | 0.7 ± 0.0 d | 0.8 ± 0.0 bc | 0.6 ± 0.0 f |
Ʃ Flavanols | 3.8 | 1.7 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 8.2 | 1.6 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 8.6 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 8.4 |
Proanthocyanidins | |||||||||||||
Procyanidin A2 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 fg | 0.4 ± 0.0 de | 0.5 ± 0.0 a | 0.3 ± 0.0 f | 0.2 ± 0.0 g | 0.4 ± 0.0 bcd | 0.4 ± 0.0 bc | 0.3 ± 0.0 f | 0.4 ± 0.0 e | 0.4 ± 0.0 cde | 0.5 ± 0.0 ab | 0.3 ± 0.0 f |
Procyanidin B1 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.0 de | 0.7 ± 0.0 bc | 0.5 ± 0.1 de | 3.7 ± 0.1 a | 0.3 ± 0.0 e | 0.6 ± 0.0 c | 0.5 ± 0.0 d | 3.6 ± 0.1 a | 0.8 ± 0.0 b | 0.6 ± 0.0 c | 0.4 ± 0.1 de | 3.7 ± 0.1 a |
Procyanidin B2 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.0 c | 6.1 ± 0.1 a | 6.0 ± 0.3 a | 2.4 ± 0.0 b | 1.4 ± 0.0 c | 6.1 ± 0.2 a | 5.8 ± 0.3 a | 2.3 ± 0.1 b | 5.6 ± 0.2 a | 5.8 ± 0.3 a | 6.0 ± 0.1 a | 2.4 ± 0.1 b |
Ʃ Proanthocyanidins | 5.6 | 2.0 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 1.9 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.4 |
Phenolic acids | |||||||||||||
Gallic acid | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.0 g | 1.8 ± 0.0 abc | 1.8 ± 0.0 ab | 1.5 ± 0.0 cde | 0.4 ± 0.0 g | 1.7 ± 0.0 bcd | 1.9 ± 0.0 a | 1.4 ± 0.0 f | 1.6 ± 0.0 def | 1.8 ± 0.1 abc | 1.5 ± 0.0 ef | 1.4 ± 0.1 ef |
Caffeic acid | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 d | 1.8 ± 0.1 abc | 1.9 ± 0.0 ab | 2.0 ± 0.0 ab | 0.5 ± 0.0 d | 1.9 ± 0.0 ab | 2.0 ± 0.1 ab | 2.1 ± 0.1 a | 1.6 ± 0.0 c | 1.8 ± 0.1 bc | 1.9 ± 0.2 ab | 2.1 ± 0.1 a |
Caftaric acid | 57.5 ± 1.7 | 18.1 ± 0.5 d | 71.8 ± 0.6 ab | 66.8 ± 1.6 abc | 64.8 ± 1.5 c | 17.6 ± 0.1 d | 73.2 ± 1.5 a | 66.4 ± 1.4 abc | 66.3 ± 1.3 bc | 71.8 ± 2.5 ab | 71.7 ± 3.7 ab | 65.3 ± 5.7 bc | 67.4 ± 0.7 abc |
Chlorogenic acid | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.0 e | 1.1 ± 0.1 cd | 0.8 ± 0.0 d | 3.9 ± 0.1 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 e | 1.1 ± 0.0 bc | 0.9 ± 0.1 d | 3.8 ± 0.2 a | 1.3 ± 0.1 b | 1.0 ± 0.0 cd | 0.8 ± 0.1 d | 4.0 ± 0.0 a |
p-Coumaric acid | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 e | 0.3 ± 0.0 d | 0.3 ± 0.0 bcd | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 e | 0.4 ± 0.0 abcd | 0.4 ± 0.0 abcd | 0.4 ± 0.0 abc | 0.3 ± 0.1 d | 0.3 ± 0.0 cd | 0.4 ± 0.0 abcd | 0.4 ± 0.0 ab |
Ferulic acid | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 b | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 c | 0.2 ± 0.0 c | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 c | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 c |
Ʃ Phenolic acids | 62.2 | 19.7 | 77.2 | 72.1 | 72.8 | 19.7 | 78.7 | 71.9 | 74.2 | 77.0 | 77.0 | 70.3 | 75.4 |
Stilbenes | |||||||||||||
trans Resveratrol | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd |
cis Resveratrol | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd |
Piceatannol | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 c | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.5 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 c | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.5 ± 0.0 a | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.5 ± 0.0 a |
Viniferin | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 b | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.2 ± 0.0 b | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 c |
Ʃ Stilbenes | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Total Phenolics ¥ | 280.0 ± 8.1 | 245.0 ± 18.1 abc | 252.9 ± 12.7 ab | 231.4 ± 5.4 bcd | 214.7 ± 8.3 cd | 237.9 ± 9.8 abcd | 229.9 ± 6.7 bcd | 248.2 ± 5.6 ab | 150.0 ± 1.1 e | 212.5 ± 20.5 d | 212.3 ± 6.7 d | 267.0 ± 1.9 a | 225.2 ± 11.2 bcd |
Compounds | Reference (0 Months) | Clear | Green | Amber | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 Months | 6 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | 3 Months | 6 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | 3 Months | 6 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | ||
Flavonols | |||||||||||||
Kaempferol | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.0 a | 1.0 ± 0.0 abc | 1.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.9 ± 0.1 cd | 1.0 ± 0.1 abc | 1.0 ± 0.0 abc | 1.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.9 ± 0.0 bcd | 1.1 ± 0.0 ab | 1.0 ± 0.0 abc | 1.0 ± 0.1 abcd | 0.9 ± 0.1 d |
Quercetin | 32.5 ± 1.4 | 23.2 ± 0.1 ab | 20.0 ± 0.4 c | 20.3 ± 0.3 c | 21.3 ± 1.2 bc | 24.4 ± 1.0 a | 20.8 ± 0.3 bc | 19.6 ± 0.7 c | 21.2 ± 1.1 bc | 24.3 ± 1.0 a | 20.6 ± 0.8 bc | 19.1 ± 0.6 c | 21.0 ± 1.7 bc |
Isorhamnetin | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 3.3 ± 0.2 a | 2.8 ± 0.1 b | 3.1 ± 0.1 b | 4.9 ± 0.3 b | 3.4 ± 0.1 a | 3.0 ± 0.0 b | 3.0 ± 0.0 b | 5.0 ± 0.3 b | 3.3 ± 0.0 a | 3.0 ± 0.1 b | 3.0 ± 0.1 b | 4.9 ± 0.4 b |
Myricetin | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.9 ± 0.0 b | 0.8 ± 0.0 c | 0.9 ± 0.0 bc | 1.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.9 ± 0.0 b | 0.8 ± 0.0 c | 0.9 ± 0.0 bc | 1.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.9 ± 0.0 b | 0.9 ± 0.0 bc | 0.9 ± 0.0 bc |
Rutin | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 c | 1.7 ± 0.1 abc | 2.6 ± 0.2 ab | 2.9 ± 0.7 a | 1.6 ± 0.2 bc | 1.9 ± 0.0 abc | 2.2 ± 0.5 abc | 2.5 ± 0.6 ab | 1.8 ± 0.1 abc | 2.0 ± 0.0 abc | 1.9 ± 0.1 abc | 2.6 ± 0.8 ab |
Ʃ Flavonols | 40.4 | 29.7 | 26.5 | 27.9 | 30.9 | 31.4 | 27.6 | 26.7 | 30.5 | 31.3 | 27.5 | 25.8 | 30.2 |
Flavanols | |||||||||||||
Catechin | 26.1 ± 1.9 | 19.8 ± 0.5 ab | 17.5 ± 0.9 c | 17.3 ± 0.7 c | 3.5 ± 0.1 e | 21.0 ± 0.7 a | 18.7 ± 0.0 bc | 17.4 ± 0.2 c | 3.4 ± 0.1 e | 20.5 ± 0.3 a | 18.4 ± 0.8 bc | 15.6 ± 0.7 d | 3.3 ± 0.1 e |
Epicatechin | 19.5 ± 1.3 | 13.4 ± 1.0 ab | 11.3 ± 0.7 cd | 10.7 ± 0.3 de | 1.7 ± 0.1 f | 13.9 ± 0.4 a | 12.2 ± 0.4 bc | 10.6 ± 0.0 de | 1.6 ± 0.1 f | 13.6 ± 0.2 ab | 11.7 ± 0.7 cd | 9.8 ± 0.6 e | 1.5 ± 0.1 f |
Epigallocatechin | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.0 def | 3.9 ± 0.1 a | 3.7 ± 0.3 a | 1.4 ± 0.0 f | 3.1 ± 0.0 abcd | 3.5 ± 0.2 ab | 2.6 ± 0.9 bcde | 1.7 ± 0.1 ef | 3.4 ± 0.1 ab | 3.3 ± 0.8 abc | 2.3 ± 0.1 cdef | 1.7 ± 0.2 f |
Epicatechin gallate | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.2 b | 2.6 ± 0.1 b | 2.7 ± 0.1 b | 3.4 ± 0.3 a | 2.9 ± 0.1 b | 2.7 ± 0.1 b | 2.6 ± 0.1 b | 2.9 ± 0.2 b | 2.7 ± 0.1 b | 2.6 ± 0.2 b | 2.5 ± 0.1 b | 2.9 ± 0.1 b |
Ʃ Flavanols | 53.3 | 40,2 | 35.4 | 36.3 | 9.6 | 41 | 37 | 33.1 | 9.7 | 40.2 | 36 | 30.1 | 9.4 |
Proanthocyanidins | |||||||||||||
Procyanidin A2 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.0 abc | 3.1 ± 0.0 de | 2.9 ± 0.2 e | 1.0 ± 0.0 f | 3.6 ± 0.1 a | 3.3 ± 0.0 bcd | 3.1 ± 0.3 de | 1.0 ± 0.0 f | 3.6 ± 0.1 ab | 3.2 ± 0.1 cd | 2.9 ± 0.1 e | 1.0 ± 0.0 f |
Procyanidin B1 | 18.8 ± 0.4 | 21.1 ± 0.3 a | 21.3 ± 0.5 a | 21.5 ± 0.7 a | 36.8 ± 0.8 b | 22.4 ± 0.5 a | 22.6 ± 0.4 a | 21.6 ± 0.2 a | 39.0 ± 0.2 a | 21.6 ± 0.2 a | 21.4 ± 1.5 a | 18.7 ± 0.3 d | 37.3 ± 0.2 ab |
Procyanidin B2 | 21.7 ± 0.5 | 22.0 ± 1.1 de | 19.5 ± 0.4 f | 25.4 ± 0.9 c | 30.8 ± 1.0 b | 22.4 ± 0.5 de | 21.9 ± 0.6 def | 24.3 ± 1.5 cd | 33.4 ± 0.5 a | 21.9 ± 0.5 def | 21.4 ± 0.5 ef | 20.7 ± 1.4 ef | 31.9 ± 0.1 ab |
Ʃ Proanthocyanidins | 44.7 | 44.6 | 43.9 | 47.8 | 68.6 | 48.4 | 47.8 | 49 | 73.4 | 47.1 | 46 | 42.3 | 70.2 |
Phenolic acids | |||||||||||||
Gallic acid | 25.0 ± 1.4 | 29.1 ± 0.8 e | 30.9 ± 0.9 cde | 33.9 ± 0.7 a | 33.5 ± 0.6 ab | 29.7 ± 1.0 de | 31.57.6 ± 0.2 bcd | 33.8 ± 0.4 a | 33.6 ± 0.4 a | 28.9 ± 0.6 e | 31.4 ± 0.8 cd | 32.1 ± 0.1 abc | 31.8 ± 1.9 abc |
Caffeic acid | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 9.1 ± 0.0 bc | 9.1 ± 0.4 bc | 8.5 ± 0.1 cd | 7.9 ± 0.1 d | 10.6 ± 0.2 a | 9.4 ± 0.3 bc | 9.5 ± 0.2 abc | 8.6 ± 0.6 cd | 9.9 ± 0.5 ab | 9.4 ± 0.3 bc | 9.4 ± 0.2 bc | 8.6 ± 0.8 cd |
Caftaric acid | 91.2 ± 0.7 | 84.6 ± 1.2 ab | 77.3 ± 2.6 cde | 76.4 ± 0.3 de | 75.4 ± 1.1 e | 85.6 ± 1.0 a | 80.8 ± 1.6 bc | 77.4 ± 0.5 cde | 76.6 ± 1.1 de | 86.8 ± 2.3 a | 79.6 ± 1.6 cd | 77.6 ± 1.1 cde | 76.1 ± 0.6 de |
Chlorogenic acid | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.1 b | 5.7 ± 0.2 a | 5.6 ± 0.3 a | 5.5 ± 0.2 a | 5.8 ± 0.1 a | 5.6 ± 0.1 a | 6.1 ± 0.2 a | 5.7 ± 0.6 a | 5.3 ± 0.5 a | 5.8 ± 0.3 ª | 5.6 ± 0.2 a | 5.9 ± 0.5 a |
p-Coumaric acid | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.0 de | 2.3 ± 0.0 de | 3.2 ± 0.0 b | 3.8 ± 0.0 a | 2.3 ± 0.0 e | 2.4 ± 0.0 de | 3.1 ± 0.1 bc | 3.7 ± 0.2 a | 1.9 ± 0.1 f | 2.5 ± 0.0 d | 3.0 ± 0.0 c | 3.8 ± 0.1 a |
Ferulic acid | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.0 a | 2.5 ± 0.1 b | 2.5 ± 0.1 b | 2.3 ± 0.1 c | 2.8 ± 0.1 a | 2.6 ± 0.0 b | 2.6 ± 0.0 b | 2.3 ± 0.1 c | 2.8 ± 0.1 a | 2.6 ± 0.1 b | 2.6 ± 0.1 b | 2.2 ± 0.1 c |
Ʃ Phenolic acids | 134.6 | 132.5 | 127.8 | 130.0 | 128.4 | 136.9 | 132.4 | 132.5 | 130.5 | 135.7 | 131.2 | 130.2 | 128.4 |
Stilbenes | |||||||||||||
trans Resveratrol | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 ab | 0.6 ± 0.0 ab | 0.6 ± 0.0 bc | 0.5 ± 0.0 c | 0.6 ± 0.0 a | 0.6 ± 0.0 ab | 0.6 ± 0.1 ab | 0.5 ± 0.0 c | 0.6 ± 0.0 ab | 0.6 ± 0.0 ab | 0.6 ± 0.0 ab | 0.5 ± 0.0 c |
cis Resveratrol | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.0 cd | 0.5 ± 0.1 ab | 0.4 ± 0.0 cd | 0.6 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 cd | 0.4 ± 0.0 bcd | 0.5 ± 0.0 bc | 0.6 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 cd | 0.4 ± 0.0 d | 0.4 ± 0.0 cd | 0.5 ± 0.0 a |
Piceatannol | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.0 bc | 1.4 ± 0.0 de | 1.4 ± 0.1 d | 0.8 ± 0.0 f | 1.7 ± 0.1 a | 1.5 ± 0.0 cd | 1.4 ± 0.1 d | 0.8 ± 0.0 f | 1.7 ± 0.0 ab | 1.5 ± 0.1 cd | 1.3 ± 0.0 e | 0.8 ± 0.0 f |
Viniferin | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 ab | 0.8 ± 0.0 c | 0.8 ± 0.0 c | 0.7 ± 0.0 d | 0.8 ± 0.0 a | 0.8 ± 0.0 cd | 0.8 ± 0.0 cd | 0.7 ± 0.0 d | 0.8 ± 0.0 cd | 0.8 ± 0.0 cd | 0.8 ± 0.0 c | 0.7 ± 0.0 d |
Ʃ Stilbenes | 4.2 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 2.6 |
Anthocyanins | |||||||||||||
Pelargonidin 3-glucoside | 15.8 ± 0.4 | 9.1 ± 0.4 a | 5.3 ± 0.5 b | 4.1 ± 0.2 c | 2.9 ± 0.2 d | 9.8 ± 0.3 a | 6.1 ± 0.2 b | 4.0 ± 0.1 cd | 3.4 ± 0.1 cd | 9.2 ± 0.6 ª | 5.7 ± 0.6 b | 3.7 ± 0.7 cd | 3.2 ± 0.1 cd |
Cyanidin 3-glucoside | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.8 ± 0.0 de | 0.7 ± 0.0 efg | 0.6 ± 0.0 g | 1.0 ± 0.1 ab | 0.8 ± 0.1 cd | 0.7 ± 0.0 defg | 0.6 ± 0.0 g | 0.9 ± 0.1 bc | 0.8 ± 0.0 def | 0.7 ± 0.0 fg | 0.6 ± 0.0 g |
Delphinidin 3-glucoside | 9.9 ± 0.2 | 6.3 ± 0.2 a | 3.8 ± 0.4 cd | 3.26 ± 0.07 de | 2.1 ± 0.1 g | 6.7 ± 0.2 a | 4.5 ± 0.2 b | 3.1 ± 0.0 e | 2.4 ± 0.1 fg | 6.3 ± 0.2 ª | 4.2 ± 0.4 bc | 2.9 ± 0.4 ef | 2.3 ± 0.1 fg |
Malvidin 3-glucoside | 88.5 ± 1.6 | 52.4 ± 0.8 a | 29.7 ± 3.0 c | 22.7 ± 0.8 d | 13.6 ± 0.0 f | 55.7 ± 1.0 a | 34.6 ± 1.4 b | 22.0 ± 0.1 d | 16.6 ± 0.5 ef | 55.0 ± 1.8 ª | 32.3 ± 2.5 bc | 17.9 ± 0.5 e | 15.6 ± 0.4 ef |
Peonidin 3-glucoside | 14.2 ± 0.7 | 8.8 ± 0.3 a | 4.8 ± 0.6 b | 3.6 ± 0.1 c | 2.5 ± 0.2 d | 8.8 ± 0.2 a | 5.7 ± 0.4 b | 3.5 ± 0.1 cd | 2.8 ± 0.1 cd | 8.7 ± 0.3 a | 5.2 ± 0.5 b | 3.2 ± 0.5 cd | 2.7 ± 0.1 cd |
Petunidin 3-glucoside | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.1 a | 1.4 ± 0.1 c | 1.32 ± 0.01 c | 1.0 ± 0.0 d | 2.5 ± 0.1 a | 1.6 ± 0.0 b | 1.3 ± 0.0 c | 1.1 ± 0.0 d | 2.4 ± 0.1 a | 1.5 ± 0.0 bc | 1.1 ± 0.1 d | 1.1 ± 0.0 d |
Ʃ Anthocyanins | 134.4 | 80.5 | 45.7 | 35.6 | 22.7 | 84.5 | 53.3 | 34.6 | 26.9 | 82.5 | 49.7 | 29.3 | 26.4 |
Total Monomeric Anthocyanins Ψ | 243.6 ± 1.0 | 179.0 ± 3.0 a | 129.0 ± 6.2 b | 94.2 ± 1.0 c | 38.2 ± 1.0 e | 182.6 ± 5.0 a | 135.1 ± 5.4 b | 105.8 ± 5.4 c | 65.8 ± 2.0 d | 186.3 ± 4.9 a | 126.6 ± 3.0 b | 97.7 ± 6.6 c | 73.8 ± 1.0 d |
Total Phenolics ¥ | 2439.8 ± 22.0 | 1945.6 ± 86.3 d | 1955.3 ± 62.3 cd | 2125.2 ± 27.9 abc | 1933.2 ± 37.6 d | 2023.9 ± 8.0 bcd | 2050.9 ± 9.3 bcd | 2236.7 ± 18.6 a | 2029.2 ± 93.1 bcd | 1954.6 ± 58.5 cd | 2071.8 ± 24.1 abcd | 2193.4 ± 51.2 ab | 2094.3 ± 115.4 abcd |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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De Souza, J.F.; De Souza Nascimento, A.M.; Linhares, M.d.S.S.; Dutra, M.d.C.P.; Dos Santos Lima, M.; Pereira, G.E. Evolution of Phenolic Compound Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Syrah Red and Sparkling Moscatel Wines Stored in Bottles of Different Colors. Beverages 2018, 4, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040089
De Souza JF, De Souza Nascimento AM, Linhares MdSS, Dutra MdCP, Dos Santos Lima M, Pereira GE. Evolution of Phenolic Compound Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Syrah Red and Sparkling Moscatel Wines Stored in Bottles of Different Colors. Beverages. 2018; 4(4):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040089
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Souza, Joyce Fagundes, Antonio Mendes De Souza Nascimento, Maria do Socorro Silva Linhares, Maria da Conceição Prudêncio Dutra, Marcos Dos Santos Lima, and Giuliano Elias Pereira. 2018. "Evolution of Phenolic Compound Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Syrah Red and Sparkling Moscatel Wines Stored in Bottles of Different Colors" Beverages 4, no. 4: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040089