Assessment of Ethyl Carbamate Contamination in Cachaça (Brazilian Sugar Cane Spirit)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Reagents and Standards
2.3. Analytical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | Median | |
---|---|---|
2014 (165 samples) | 171 | 137 |
2015 (211 samples) | 124 | 52 |
Total (376 samples) | 145 | 89 |
Percentage of samples within the concentration range for ethyl carbamate | Samples not in compliance with law (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 (165 samples) | <150 55.7 | 150–<210 15.8 | 210–<300 15.2 | >300 13.3 | >210 28.5 | |
2015 (211 samples) | <150 72.0 | 150–<210 7.1 | 210–<300 6.2 | >300 14.7 | >210 20.9 | |
Total (376 samples) | <150 64.9 | 150–<210 10.9 | 210–<300 10.1 | >300 14.1 | >210 24.2 |
Small distilleries (pot still distillation) | Large distilleries (column distillation) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Median | Mean | Median | |
2014 | 129 | 73 | 200 | 160 |
2015 | 34 | 15 | 201 | 120 |
Total | 74 | 30 | 200 | 148 |
Reference study | Sample characterization | Collection sites | N | Minimum (µg/L) | Mean (µg/L) | Maximum (µg/L) | Percentage above 210 µg/L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boscolo, 2001 [33] | Brazilian market | Different states, Brazil | 84 | 42 | 904 | 5,589 | 84 |
Andrade-Sobrinho et al., 2002 [34] | Column/pot still, Brazilian market | Different states, Brazil | 126 | 13 | 770 | 5,700 | 76 |
Bruno et al., 2007 [11] | Column/pot still, experimental and Brazilian market | Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil | 34 | <LD | 160 | 714 | 35 |
Baffa Júnior et al., 2007 [24] | Brazilian market | Minas Gerais State, Brazil | 22 | 5 | 1,206 | 12,376 | 82 |
Labanca et al., 2008 [25] | Pot still, Brazilian market | Minas Gerais State, Brazil | 71 | 33 | 893 | 2,609 | 91 |
Nóbrega et al., 2009 [26] | Pot still, Brazilian market | Paraíba State, Brazil | 25 | 55 | 221 | 700 | 40 |
Nóbrega et al., 2011 [27] | Column/pot still, Brazilian market | Pernambuco State, Brazil | 33 | <LD | 181 | 532 | 42 |
Borges et al., 2014 [21] | Pot still, experimental | Minas Gerais State, Brazil | 30 | 44 | 141 | 320 | 27 |
Present study, samples 2014 | Brazilian market | Different states, Brazil | 165 | <LD | 171 | 975 | 29 |
Masson et al., 2014 [35] | Pot still, Brazilian market | Minas Gerais State, Brazil | 71 | 23 | 191 | 980 | 30 |
Riachi et al., 2014 [36] | Column/pot still, Brazilian market | Different states, Brazil | 657 | <LD | 257 | 1,206 | 42 |
Present study, samples 2015 | Brazilian market | Different states, Brazil | 211 | <LD | 124 | 790 | 21 |
Bortoletto and Alcarde , 2015 [37] | Brazilian market | Different states, Brazil | 268 | 4 | 221 | 1,365 | 39 |
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Bortoletto, A.M.; Alcarde, A.R. Assessment of Ethyl Carbamate Contamination in Cachaça (Brazilian Sugar Cane Spirit). Beverages 2016, 2, 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages2040028
Bortoletto AM, Alcarde AR. Assessment of Ethyl Carbamate Contamination in Cachaça (Brazilian Sugar Cane Spirit). Beverages. 2016; 2(4):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages2040028
Chicago/Turabian StyleBortoletto, Aline M., and André R. Alcarde. 2016. "Assessment of Ethyl Carbamate Contamination in Cachaça (Brazilian Sugar Cane Spirit)" Beverages 2, no. 4: 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages2040028