Encapsulation of Antifouling Organic Biocides in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of PLA Nanoparticles (NPs) and Respective Coating
2.3. Nanoparticles (NPs) Characterization
2.3.1. SEM Spectroscopy
2.3.2. Size, Size Distribution and Zeta Potential
2.3.3. Encapsulation Efficiency (EE) and Preliminary Release Study
2.3.4. FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy
2.3.5. Thermal Properties
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preparation of PLA Nanoparticles (NPs)—Process Yield
3.2. Size, Size Distribution and Zeta Potential
3.3. Encapsualtion Efficiency (ΕΕ) and Preliminary Release Study
3.4. FTIR-ATR Spectra and Thermal Properties
3.5. Coating Based on Nanoparticles
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Publish Year | Carrier | AF Agent | Encapsulation Technique | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1992 | Metallic (Cu) microtubules | Renilla extract | Introduction of dry microcylinder powder in saturated solution of the AF agent | [19] |
2001 | Silica, zeolites | Isothiazolinones (e.g., OIT) | Adsorption of the biocides on the surface of the siliceous frameworks | [20] |
2002 | Silicates | α-chymotryspin | Two-step polymerization process | [21] |
2004 | Polystyrene | Zosteric acid | Emulsification–solvent evaporation | [15] |
2005 | Polystyrene-divinyl benzene beads | Triclosan, phosphonium salts | Dispersion polymerization | [22] |
2007 | Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) | 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) | Two-stage miniemulsion polymerization | [13] |
2008 | Poly(lactic acid) | Chlorhexidine | Emulsification–solvent evaporation | [23] |
2010 | Polyethylenimine-Silica | Hexose oxidase | Co-precipitation | [24] |
2010 | Poly(methyl methacrylate) | Medetomidine | Emulsification–solvent evaporation | [6] |
2010 | Poly(methyl methacrylate) | 4-nitroanisole | Emulsification–solvent evaporation | [14] |
2010 | Silica | 3-iodoprop-2-ynyl N-butylcarbamate (IPBC) | Emulsification and cross-linking | [25] |
2011 | Various polymer layers | DCOIT | Emulsification and cross-linking of the shell | [26] |
2011 | Poly(methyl methacrylate) | IPBC | Emulsification–solvent evaporation | [7] |
2011 | Natural polymer (N/A) | Ag compound | Emulsion polymerization | [27] |
2011 | Silica gel | Zinc pyrithione | Sol-gel technology—Production of aerogels | [28] |
2013 | Chitosan | Paeonol | Emulsification and ionic gelation | [29] |
2013 | Polyethyleneimine | Sodium benzoate | Interfacial polyaddition | [30] |
2014 | Poly(methyl methacrylate) | OIT | Internal phase separation | [8] |
2014 | Polysaccharide complex of chitosan and xanthan gum | DCOIT | Simultaneous emulsification and cross-linking via ultrasonication | [31] |
2014 | Polystyrene | IPBC | Emulsification–solvent evaporation | [16] |
2014 | Polystyrene–polycaprolactone blends | IPBC | Emulsification–solvent evaporation | [17] |
2014 | Gelatin-urea-formaldehyde | Ag nanoparticles | Dispersion polymerization | [32] |
2015 | Silica | 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), DCOIT | Emulsification and silica precursor (TEOS) polycondensation | [33] |
2015 | Carbon | Ag ions | Hydrothermal treatment | [34] |
2015 | Layered double hydroxides | Cinnamate anions | Acid-salt treatment and ion exchange | [35] |
2015 | Silica | Bienzyme system | Biomimetic silicification | [36] |
2017 | Silica | Copper and zinc pyrithione | Emulsification and TEOS polycondensation | [37] |
2017 | Polyimide | Cu nanoparticles | Solution precursor flame spray | [38] |
2017 | Halloysite nanotubes | TCPM | Physical entrapment with pressure cycles | [39] |
Encapsulated Biocide | Collected Mass (mg) | Yield (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Blank NPs | 15.6 | 30 | |
Irgarol NPs | 41.0 | 56 | |
Econea NPs | 59.6 | 83 | |
ZPT NPs | 48.3 | 72 |
Samples | PS (nm) | PdI | ζ-P (mV) | Direct EE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blank NPs | 311.9 ± 7.5 | 0.169 ± 0.015 | −11.10 ± 0.46 | |
Irgarol NPs | 465.0 ± 11.9 | 0.400 ± 0.039 | −9.43 ± 0.43 | 90 |
Econea NPs | 529.2 ± 3.5 | 0.300 ± 0.009 | −2.17 ± 0.11 | 96 |
ZPT NPs | 1013.3 ± 53.5 | 0.592 ± 0.008 | −11.33 ± 0.57 | 92 |
Tg (°C) | Tendo (°C) | ΔHendo (J·g−1) | Td (°C) | Residue (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 58.8 | 146.7 | 20.6 | 365.5 | 2.5 |
Blank NPs | 60.1 | 118.7, 142.0 | 0.32, 1.6 | 348.2 | 9.7 |
Irgarol | 130.7 | 107.1 | 286.2 | 8.2 | |
Irgarol NPs | 59.1 | 120.3 | n.d | 232.8, 339.5 | 8.5 |
Econea | 253.5 | 98.8 | 314.2 | 55.3 | |
Econea NPs | 57.7 | 135.6, 210.2 | n.d | 270.6, 338.8 | 10.5 |
ZPT | 289.5, 335.6 | 60.2 | |||
ZPT NPs | 59.6 | 143.2 | n.d | 251.2 | 17.5 |
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Share and Cite
Kamtsikakis, A.; Kavetsou, E.; Chronaki, K.; Kiosidou, E.; Pavlatou, E.; Karana, A.; Papaspyrides, C.; Detsi, A.; Karantonis, A.; Vouyiouka, S. Encapsulation of Antifouling Organic Biocides in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles. Bioengineering 2017, 4, 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering4040081
Kamtsikakis A, Kavetsou E, Chronaki K, Kiosidou E, Pavlatou E, Karana A, Papaspyrides C, Detsi A, Karantonis A, Vouyiouka S. Encapsulation of Antifouling Organic Biocides in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles. Bioengineering. 2017; 4(4):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering4040081
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamtsikakis, Aristotelis, Eleni Kavetsou, Konstantina Chronaki, Evangelia Kiosidou, Evangelia Pavlatou, Alexandra Karana, Constantine Papaspyrides, Anastasia Detsi, Antonis Karantonis, and Stamatina Vouyiouka. 2017. "Encapsulation of Antifouling Organic Biocides in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles" Bioengineering 4, no. 4: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering4040081