Comparison of EI-GC-MS/MS, APCI-LC-MS/MS, and ESI-LC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Analysis of Nine Nitrosamines Eluted from Synthetic Resins into Artificial Saliva and Health Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Instrumentation and Apparatus
2.2.1. EI-GC-MS/MS
2.2.2. LC-MS/MS
APCI-LC-MS/MS
ESI-LC-MS/MS
2.3. Samples
2.4. Preparation of the Standard Solutions
2.4.1. Standard Solution
2.4.2. Internal Standard Solution
2.5. Preparation of the Sample
2.5.1. Preparation of Artificial Saliva
2.5.2. Extraction of Nitrosamines
2.5.3. Pretreatment of Artificial Saliva
2.6. Method Validation
2.7. Health Risk Assessment
2.7.1. Exposure Assessment
2.7.2. Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment: Margin of Exposure (MOE)
2.7.3. Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization of GC and LC Conditions for the Simultaneous Analysis of Nine Nitrosamines in Artificial Saliva
3.2. Method Validation of GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS for the Analysis of Nine Nitrosamines in Artificial Saliva
3.2.1. Linearity
3.2.2. LOD and LOQ
3.2.3. Recovery (Accuracy)
3.2.4. Precision
3.3. Measurement of Nitrosamines Eluted from Synthetic Resin into Artificial Saliva with EI-GC-MS/MS
3.3.1. Classification by Product Type
3.3.2. Classification by Nitrosamines
3.3.3. Comparison of the Results with Those of Previous Studies
3.4. Risk Assessment
3.4.1. Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
3.4.2. Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nitrosamines | R.T (min), Average ± SD (%RSD) | Precursor Ion | Product Ion | CE (V) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intra-Day (n = 3) | Inter-Day (n = 3) | ||||
EI-GC-MS/MS | |||||
NDMA | 7.78 ± 0.03 (0.34) | 7.76 ± 0.03 (0.32) | 74.1 | 44.0 | 5 |
NDEA | 8.60 ± 0.03 (0.37) | 8.57 ± 0.04 (0.51) | 102.1 | 44.1 | 10 |
NDPA | 10.10 ± 0.04 (0.37) | 10.05 ± 0.03 (0.32) | 130.0 | 43.0- | 10 |
NDBA | 12.06 ± 0.05 (0.41) | 11.99 ± 0.03 (0.22) | 116.1 | 99.1 | 15 |
NPIP | 12.34 ± 0.05 (0.41) | 12.29 ± 0.03 (0.26) | 114.0 | 84.1 | 5 |
NPYR | 12.68 ± 0.04 (0.32) | 12.62 ± 0.03 (0.23) | 100.1 | 55.1 | 5 |
NMOR | 13.21 ± 0.06 (0.42) | 13.16 ± 0.03 (0.24) | 86.1 | 56.1 | 15 |
NDPhA | 18.61 ± 0.07 (0.39) | 18.54 ± 0.03 (0.14) | 169.1 | 168.1 | 10 |
NMEA | 8.29 ± 0.02 (0.28) | 8.27 ± 0.02 (0.24) | 88.1 | 42.1 | 10 |
NDPA-d14 | 10.03 ± 0.04 (0.36) | 9.99 ± 0.01 (0.06) | 78.1 | 46.1 | 15 |
APCI-LC-MS/MS | |||||
NDMA | 2.75 ± 0.04 (1.28) | 2.81 ± 0.07 (2.57) | 75.2 | 43.0 | 23 |
NDEA | 4.12 ± 0.01 (0.14) | 4.12 ± 0.01 (0.14) | 103.2 | 75.0 | 17 |
NDPA | 5.35 ± 0.00 (0.00) | 5.35 ± 0.01 (0.19) | 131.2 | 89.0 | 15 |
NDBA | 6.37 ± 0.01 (0.18) | 6.36 ± 0.01 (0.09) | 159.3 | 57.0 | 23 |
NPIP | 4.26 ± 0.01 (0.14) | 4.27 ± 0.01 (0.27) | 115.2 | 64.2 | 23 |
NPYR | 3.34 ± 0.01 (0.17) | 3.34 ± 0.01 (0.17) | 101.2 | 55.0 | 25 |
NMOR | 3.10 ± 0.04 (1.22) | 3.10 ± 0.03 (1.04) | 117.2 | 87.0 | 19 |
NDPhA | - | - | 199.2 | 169.2 | 25 |
NMEA | 3.41 ± 0.03 (0.74) | 3.43 ± 0.05 (1.32) | 89.2 | 61.0 | 17 |
NDPA-d14 | 5.25 ± 0.01 (0.11) | 5.24 ± 0.01 (0.11) | 145.1 | 50.1 | 17 |
ESI-LC-MS/MS | |||||
NDMA | 2.15 ± 0.04 (2.07) | 2.15 ± 0.04 (1.68) | 75.1 | 43.0 | 18 |
NDEA | 3.80 ± 0.03 (0.70) | 3.81 ± 0.03 (0.66) | 103.2 | 75.0 | 8 |
NDPA | 5.61 ± 0.01 (0.20) | 5.56 ± 0.05 (0.91) | 131.2 | 43.0 | 12 |
NDBA | 7.06 ± 0.05 (0.75) | 7.02 ± 0.01 (0.14) | 159.3 | 56.9 | 12 |
NPIP | 4.07 ± 0.06 (1.35) | 4.07 ± 0.03 (0.85) | 115.2 | 41.0 | 22 |
NPYR | 2.78 ± 0.03 (0.91) | 2.80 ± 0.03 (1.09) | 101.1 | 54.9 | 12 |
NMOR | 2.54 ± 0.04 (1.42) | 2.52 ± 0.03 (1.05) | 117.1 | 87.0 | 8 |
NDPhA | 7.05 ± 0.04 (0.59) | 7.11 ± 0.01 (0.08) | 199.2 | 65.9 | 15 |
NMEA | 3.05 ± 0.05 (1.64) | 3.07 ± 0.04 (1.36) | 89.2 | 61.0 | 8 |
NDPA-d14 | 5.52 ± 0.03 (0.48) | 5.50 ± 0.02 (0.36) | 145.1 | 50.1 | 8 |
NitrosamInes | EI-GC-MS/MS | APCI-LC-MS/MS | ESI-LC-MS/MS | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlation Coefficients of the Slopes (R2) | ||||||||||||||||||
Intra-Day (n = 3) | Inter-Day (n = 3) | Intra-Day (n = 3) | Inter-Day (n = 3) | Intra-Day (n = 3) | Inter-Day (n = 3) | |||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
NDMA | 0.9998 | 1.0000 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9998 | 0.9995 | 0.9988 | 0.9975 | 0.9991 | 0.9992 | 0.9990 | 0.9995 | 0.9965 | 0.9988 | 0.9979 | 0.9982 | 0.9970 | 0.9992 |
NDEA | 0.9997 | 0.9998 | 0.9998 | 0.9998 | 0.9999 | 0.9996 | 0.9999 | 0.9995 | 0.9997 | 0.9999 | 1.0000 | 0.9994 | 0.9984 | 0.9952 | 0.9973 | 0.9968 | 0.9970 | 0.9980 |
NDPA | 0.9994 | 0.9998 | 0.9996 | 0.9996 | 0.9995 | 0.9995 | 0.9995 | 0.9992 | 0.9989 | 0.9987 | 0.9981 | 0.9999 | 1.0000 | 0.9999 | 0.9998 | 0.9997 | 1.0000 | 0.9996 |
NDBA | 0.9997 | 0.9995 | 0.9997 | 0.9997 | 0.9996 | 0.9999 | 0.9991 | 0.9999 | 0.9995 | 0.9998 | 0.9992 | 0.9995 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9998 | 0.9991 | 0.9990 | 0.9999 |
NPIP | 0.9999 | 0.9994 | 0.9998 | 0.9995 | 0.9999 | 0.9998 | 0.9998 | 0.9979 | 0.9997 | 0.9982 | 0.9979 | 0.9988 | 0.9998 | 0.9997 | 0.9995 | 0.9999 | 1.0000 | 0.9992 |
NPYR | 0.9994 | 0.9997 | 0.9995 | 0.9994 | 0.9997 | 0.9999 | 0.9986 | 0.9999 | 0.9992 | 0.9991 | 0.9993 | 0.9999 | 0.9995 | 0.9992 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9991 | 0.9992 |
NMOR | 0.9995 | 0.9999 | 0.9996 | 0.9999 | 0.9994 | 0.9999 | 1.0000 | 0.9999 | 0.9998 | 0.9992 | 0.9993 | 0.9980 | 0.9992 | 0.9991 | 0.9990 | 0.9998 | 0.9995 | 0.9989 |
NDPhA | 0.9967 | 0.9999 | 0.9998 | 0.9987 | 0.9996 | 0.9999 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.9988 | 0.9999 | 0.9993 | 0.9995 | 1.0000 | 0.9991 |
NMEA | 0.9988 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9997 | 0.9998 | 0.9997 | 0.9968 | 0.9992 | 0.9978 | 0.9991 | 0.9989 | 0.9982 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9998 | 0.9998 |
Nitrosamines | LOD (µg/L) | LOQ (µg/L) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GC-MS/MS | APCI-LC-MS/MS | ESI-LC-MS/MS | GC-MS/MS | APCI-LC-MS/MS | ESI-LC-MS/MS | |
NDMA | 0.12 | 62.5 | 62.5 | 0.24 | 125 | 125 |
NDEA | 0.24 | 0.48 | 7.81 | 0.48 | 0.96 | 15.62 |
NDPA | 0.24 | 0.98 | 7.81 | 0.48 | 1.96 | 15.62 |
NDBA | 0.12 | 0.49 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.98 | 0.48 |
NPIP | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.48 | 0.96 |
NPYR | 0.12 | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.96 | 0.48 |
NMOR | 0.24 | 3.12 | 0.24 | 0.48 | 6.25 | 0.48 |
NDPhA | 0.24 | N.D. | 0.24 | 0.24 | - | 0.48 |
NMEA | 0.48 | 3.12 | 62.5 | 0.98 | 6.25 | 125 |
Nitrosamines | EI-GC-MS/MS | APCI-LC-MS/MS | ESI-LC-MS/MS | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spike Conc. (µg/L) | Avr. Recovery (%) | Spike Conc. (µg/L) | Avr. Recovery (%) | Spike Conc. (µg/L) | Avr. Recovery (%) | |
NDMA | 1 | 105.46 | 10 | -1) | 10 | - |
5 | 88.53 | 100 | 90.12 | 100 | 79.26 | |
NDEA | 1 | 115.33 | 10 | 110.83 | 10 | 73.50 |
5 | 105.82 | 100 | 110.98 | 100 | 75.36 | |
NDPA | 1 | 109.40 | 10 | 108.93 | 10 | 90.52 |
5 | 102.86 | 100 | 101.54 | 100 | 114.75 | |
NDBA | 1 | 117.39 | 10 | 111.45 | 10 | 96.47 |
5 | 111.46 | 100 | 115.76 | 100 | 100.35 | |
NPIP | 1 | 113.20 | 10 | 106.76 | 10 | 83.60 |
5 | 106.33 | 100 | 106.80 | 100 | 108.49 | |
NPYR | 1 | 110.07 | 10 | 103.87 | 10 | 93.51 |
5 | 99.97 | 100 | 97.42 | 100 | 102.16 | |
NMOR | 1 | 105.11 | 10 | 101.16 | 10 | 87.42 |
5 | 99.01 | 100 | 93.77 | 100 | 114.31 | |
NDPhA | 1 | 127.57 | 10 | N.D. | 10 | 80.60 |
5 | 126.23 | 100 | N.D. | 100 | 123.47 | |
NMEA | 1 | 107.16 | 10 | 106.55 | 10 | 83.66 |
5 | 104.98 | 100 | 131.76 | 100 | 83.28 |
Nitrosamines | EI-GC-MS/MS | APCI-LC-MS/MS | ESI-LC-MS/MS | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spike Conc. (µg/L) | %RSD (%) | Spike Conc. (µg/L) | %RSD (%) | Spike Conc. (µg/L) | %RSD (%) | |
NDMA | 1 | 3.90 | 10 | -1) | 10 | - |
5 | 1.25 | 100 | 5.20 | 100 | 12.55 | |
NDEA | 1 | 2.34 | 10 | 11.08 | 10 | 10.42 |
5 | 1.96 | 100 | 0.92 | 100 | 11.94 | |
NDPA | 1 | 0.82 | 10 | 1.96 | 10 | 10.28 |
5 | 1.78 | 100 | 4.97 | 100 | 2.28 | |
NDBA | 1 | 0.88 | 10 | 9.50 | 10 | 4.60 |
5 | 5.49 | 100 | 2.54 | 100 | 8.70 | |
NPIP | 1 | 2.10 | 10 | 9.98 | 10 | 8.60 |
5 | 4.05 | 100 | 2.07 | 100 | 8.38 | |
NPYR | 1 | 1.64 | 10 | 5.66 | 10 | 12.84 |
5 | 4.49 | 100 | 7.48 | 100 | 8.42 | |
NMOR | 1 | 3.48 | 10 | 4.63 | 10 | 13.19 |
5 | 4.12 | 100 | 6.98 | 100 | 7.48 | |
NDPhA | 1 | 3.07 | 10 | N.D. | 10 | 9.70 |
5 | 6.26 | 100 | N.D. | 100 | 7.51 | |
NMEA | 1 | 3.03 | 10 | 9.38 | 10 | 11.80 |
5 | 4.40 | 100 | 7.63 | 100 | 6.51 |
Resins | Nitrosamines | Previous Studies | Analytical Method | Sample | Detection Frequency | Monitoring Results in Previous Studies (µg/kg) | Monitoring Results in our Study (µg/kg) (Detection Frequency) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rubber (n = 49) | NDMA | KMFDS., 2009 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/349 | ND | 1.01~1.71 (2/49) |
Bouma, K., et al., 2003 | GC-TEA | Nipples | 15/19 | 0.20~1.60 | |||
Anna, V., et al., 2011 | GC-MS/MS | Nipples | 2/2 | 0.30~1.90 | |||
Mutsuga, M., et al., 2013 | GC-MS | Nipples | 0/3 | ND | |||
Suh et al., 2017 | PCI-GC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/93 | ND | |||
Kühne, F., et al., 2018 | APCI-LC-MS/MS | Elastomer | 18/96 | 0.72~5.22 | |||
Park, S.J., et al., 2018 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples and baby products, kitchenware | 17/75 | 1.02~3.67 | |||
NDEA | KMFDS., 2009 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/349 | ND | 0.33~0.56 (3/49) | |
Anna, V., et al., 2011 | GC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/2 | ND | |||
Mutsuga, M., et al., 2013 | GC-MS | Nipples | 0/3 | ND | |||
Suh et al., 2017 | PCI-GC-MS/MS | Food packaging | 0/93 | ND | |||
Park, S.J., et al., 2018 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples and baby products, kitchenware | 0/75 | ND | |||
NDPA | KMFDS., 2009 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/349 | ND | ND (0/49) | |
Anna, V., et al., 2011 | GC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/2 | ND | |||
Mutsuga, M., et al., 2013 | GC-MS | Nipples | 0/3 | ND | |||
Park, S.J. et al., 2018 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples and baby products, kitchenware | 0/75 | ND | |||
NDBA | KMFDS., 2009 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/349 | ND | 0.12~0.64 (10/49) | |
Anna, V., et al., 2011 | GC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/2 | ND | |||
Mutsuga, M., et al., 2013 | GC-MS | Nipples | 0/3 | ND | |||
Kühne, F., et al., 2018 | APCI-LC-MS/MS | Rubber elastomer | 18/96 | 0.54~2.04 | |||
Park, S.J., et al., 2018 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples and baby products, kitchenware | 0/75 | ND | |||
Suh et al., 2017 | PCI-GC-MS/MS | Food packaging | 0/93 | ND | |||
NPIP | KMFDS., 2009 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/349 | ND | 0.13~0.67 (12/49) | |
Anna, V., et al., 2011 | GC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/2 | ND | |||
Mutsuga. M., et al., 2013 | GC-MS | Nipples | 0/3 | ND | |||
Park, S.J., et al., 2018 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples and baby products, kitchenware | 3/75 | 0.38~0.55 | |||
NPYR | KMFDS., 2009 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/349 | ND | 0.12~0.15 (2/49) | |
Anna, V., et al., 2011 | GC-MS/MS | Nipples | 1/2 | 0.6 | |||
Mutsuga, M., et al., 2013 | GC-MS | Nipples | 0/3 | ND | |||
Park, S.J., et al., 2018 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples and baby products, kitchenware | 0/75 | ND | |||
NMOR | KMFDS., 2009 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/349 | ND | 0.29~2.77 (29/49) | |
Anna, V., et al., 2011 | GC-MS/MS | Nipples | 1/2 | 0.2 | |||
Mutsuga, M., et al., 2013 | GC-MS | Nipples | 0/3 | ND | |||
Kühne, F., et al., 2018 | APCI-LC-MS/MS | Rubber elastomer | 18/96 | 0.30~1.50 | |||
Park, S.J., et al., 2018 | LC-MS/MS | Nipples and baby products, kitchenware | 4/75 | 0.89~1.96 | |||
NDPhA | Anna, V., et al., 2011 | GC-MS/MS | Nipples | 2/2 | 0.1 | 0.27~1.88 (9/49) | |
Kühne, F., et al., 2018 | APCI-LC-MS/MS | Rubber elastomer | 3/96 | 0.42~1.50 | |||
Zhao, Y.Y., et al., 2006 | ESI-LC-MS/MS | River water | 3/4 | 0.0006~0.0010 | |||
NMEA | Anna, V., et al., 2011 | GC-MS/MS | Nipples | 0/2 | ND | ND (0/49) | |
Zhao, Y.Y., et al., 2006 | ESI-LC-MS/MS | River water | 0/4 | ND | |||
Wang, X., et al., 2016 | ESI-LC-MS/MS | River water | 1/17 | 1.00 | |||
TPE, TPU, PU (n = 8) | NDMA | -1) | - | - | - | - | ND (0/8) |
NDEA | ND (0/8) | ||||||
NDPA | ND (0/8) | ||||||
NDBA | ND (0/8) | ||||||
NPIP | ND (0/8) | ||||||
NPYR | ND (0/8) | ||||||
NMOR | 0.92 (1/8) | ||||||
NDPhA | ND (0/8) | ||||||
NMEA | ND (0/8) |
Nitrosamines | Synthetic Resin | EDI (mg/kg bw/day) | BMDL10 (mg/kg bw/day) | MOE 1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
NDMA | Rubber | 8.10 × 10−08 | 0.027 | 333,165 |
TPE | 5.70 × 10−08 | 473,684 | ||
TPU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 4,500,000 | ||
PU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 4,500,000 | ||
NDEA | Rubber | 1.19 × 10−07 | 0.018 | 150,963 |
TPE | 1.14 × 10−07 | 157,895 | ||
TPU | 1.20 × 10−08 | 1,500,000 | ||
PU | 1.20 × 10−08 | 1,500,000 | ||
NPYR | Rubber | 5.73 × 10−08 | 0.16 | 2,792,769 |
TPE | 5.70 × 10−08 | 2,807,018 | ||
TPU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 26,666,667 | ||
PU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 26,666,667 | ||
NMOR | Rubber | 2.99 × 10−07 | 0.7 | 2,342,976 |
TPE | 1.14 × 10−07 | 6,140,351 | ||
TPU | 1.20 × 10−08 | 58,333,333 | ||
PU | 4.60 × 10−08 | 15,217,391 |
Nitrosamines | Synthetic Resin | EDI (mg/kg bw/day) | Cancer Slope Factor (mg/kg bw/day) | Carcinogenic Risk |
---|---|---|---|---|
NDMA | Rubber | 8.10 × 10−08 | 5.10 × 10+01 | 4.13 × 10−06 |
TPE | 5.70 × 10−08 | 2.91 × 10−06 | ||
TPU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 3.06 × 10−07 | ||
PU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 3.06 × 10−07 | ||
NDEA | Rubber | 1.19 × 10−07 | 1.50 × 10+02 | 1.79 × 10−05 |
TPE | 1.14 × 10−07 | 1.71 × 10−05 | ||
TPU | 1.20 × 10−08 | 1.80 × 10−06 | ||
PU | 1.20 × 10−08 | 1.80 × 10−06 | ||
NDPA | Rubber | 1.14 × 10−07 | 7.00 × 10+00 | 7.98 × 10−07 |
TPE | 1.14 × 10−07 | 7.98 × 10−07 | ||
TPU | 1.20 × 10−08 | 8.40 × 10−08 | ||
PU | 1.20 × 10−08 | 8.40 × 10−08 | ||
NDBA | Rubber | 8.32 × 10−08 | 5.40 × 10+00 | 4.49 × 10−07 |
TPE | 5.70 × 10−08 | 3.08 × 10−07 | ||
TPU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 3.24 × 10−08 | ||
PU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 3.24 × 10−08 | ||
NPIP | Rubber | 7.29 × 10−08 | 9.40 × 10+00 | 6.85 × 10−07 |
TPE | 5.70 × 10−08 | 5.36 × 10−07 | ||
TPU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 5.64 × 10−08 | ||
PU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 5.64 × 10−08 | ||
NPYR | Rubber | 5.73 × 10−08 | 2.10 × 10+00 | 1.20 × 10−07 |
TPE | 5.70 × 10−08 | 1.20 × 10−07 | ||
TPU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 1.26 × 10−08 | ||
PU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 1.26 × 10−08 | ||
NMOR | Rubber | 2.99 × 10−07 | 6.70 × 10+00 | 2.00 × 10−06 |
TPE | 1.14 × 10−07 | 7.64 × 10−07 | ||
TPU | 1.20 × 10−08 | 8.04 × 10−08 | ||
PU | 4.60 × 10−08 | 3.08 × 10−07 | ||
NDPhA | Rubber | 9.01 × 10−08 | 4.90 × 10−03 | 4.41 × 10−10 |
TPE | 5.70 × 10−08 | 2.79 × 10−10 | ||
TPU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 2.94 × 10−11 | ||
PU | 6.00 × 10−09 | 2.94 × 10−11 | ||
NMEA | Rubber | 2.28 × 10−07 | 2.20 × 10+01 | 5.02 × 10−06 |
TPE | 2.28 × 10−07 | 5.02 × 10−06 | ||
TPU | 2.40 × 10−08 | 5.28 × 10−07 | ||
PU | 2.40 × 10−08 | 5.28 × 10−07 |
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Kim, H.; Sung, D.; Yu, H.; Jang, D.; Koo, Y.; Lee, S.; Lim, K.; Choi, D. Comparison of EI-GC-MS/MS, APCI-LC-MS/MS, and ESI-LC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Analysis of Nine Nitrosamines Eluted from Synthetic Resins into Artificial Saliva and Health Risk Assessment. Toxics 2021, 9, 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100230
Kim H, Sung D, Yu H, Jang D, Koo Y, Lee S, Lim K, Choi D. Comparison of EI-GC-MS/MS, APCI-LC-MS/MS, and ESI-LC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Analysis of Nine Nitrosamines Eluted from Synthetic Resins into Artificial Saliva and Health Risk Assessment. Toxics. 2021; 9(10):230. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100230
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hyungsoo, Daekwan Sung, Honghyeon Yu, Daeyong Jang, Yeji Koo, Seungha Lee, Kyungmin Lim, and Dalwoong Choi. 2021. "Comparison of EI-GC-MS/MS, APCI-LC-MS/MS, and ESI-LC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Analysis of Nine Nitrosamines Eluted from Synthetic Resins into Artificial Saliva and Health Risk Assessment" Toxics 9, no. 10: 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100230