Tris(2-chloroethyl) Phosphate (TCEP) Elicits Hepatotoxicity by Activating Human Cancer Pathway Genes in HepG2 Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture and Selection of TCEP Exposure Concentrations
2.2. MTT and NRU Cytotoxicity Assays
2.3. Alkaline Comet Assay
2.4. Flow Cytometric Studies
2.4.1. Cell Cycle Analysis
2.4.2. Ca2+ Influx and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (ΔΨm)
2.4.3. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nitric Oxide (NO), and Esterase Activities
2.5. Transcriptomic Analysis by qPCR Array
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. TCEP Induced Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells
3.2. Quantitation of DNA Damage
3.3. Flow Cytometric Data
3.3.1. HepG2 Cell Cycle Dysfunction by TCEP
3.3.2. TCEP Induced Oxidative Stress and Esterase Activity
3.3.3. Ca2+ Influx and ΔΨm Alteration by TCEP
3.4. Transcriptomic Changes in HepG2 by TCEP Exposure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Olive Tail Moment (OTM) (Arbitrary Unit) | Tail Length (TL)(µm) | Tail Intensity (TI) (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 43.84 ± 1.83 | 2.35 ± 0.13 |
EMS (2 mM) | 11.49 ± 0.72 ** | 107.43 ± 2.61 ** | 33.81 ± 1.65 ** |
TCEP (µM) | |||
100 | 3.09 ± 0.24 ** | 84.39 ± 3.70 ** | 7.91 ± 0.32 ** |
200 | 5.05 ± 0.59 ** | 105.19 ± 3.86 ** | 11.28 ± 0.81 ** |
400 | 8.64 ± 0.77 ** | 123.71 ± 2.51 ** | 19.04 ± 0.40 ** |
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M. Al-Salem, A.; Saquib, Q.; Siddiqui, M.A.; Ahmad, J.; Al-Khedhairy, A.A. Tris(2-chloroethyl) Phosphate (TCEP) Elicits Hepatotoxicity by Activating Human Cancer Pathway Genes in HepG2 Cells. Toxics 2020, 8, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040109
M. Al-Salem A, Saquib Q, Siddiqui MA, Ahmad J, Al-Khedhairy AA. Tris(2-chloroethyl) Phosphate (TCEP) Elicits Hepatotoxicity by Activating Human Cancer Pathway Genes in HepG2 Cells. Toxics. 2020; 8(4):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040109
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Al-Salem, Abdullah, Quaiser Saquib, Maqsood A. Siddiqui, Javed Ahmad, and Abdulaziz A. Al-Khedhairy. 2020. "Tris(2-chloroethyl) Phosphate (TCEP) Elicits Hepatotoxicity by Activating Human Cancer Pathway Genes in HepG2 Cells" Toxics 8, no. 4: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040109