Use of Personal Care Products and Semen Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study in Young Danish Men
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The FEPOS Cohort
2.2. PCP Exposure
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Do You Use the Following Products Every Day or Several Times a Week? |
---|
Answer Options: No/Yes, Without Fragrance (i.e., Nordic Swan Ecolabel)/Yes, with Fragrance |
Deodorant |
Perfume |
Shower gel |
Shampoo |
Conditioner |
Hair products (gel, spray, etc.) |
Shaving foam |
Aftershave |
Body lotion |
Skin tonic |
Face cream |
Hair remover |
Characteristics | Overall PCP Usage | ||
---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | |
(≤3 PCPs) | (4–6 PCPs) | (≥7 PCPs) | |
Men | |||
Total men, n | 203 | 578 | 265 |
BMI, mean (SD) | 22.1 (3.1) | 22.6 (3.6) | 22.5 (3.0) |
Alcohol ≥ once a week, n (%) | 97 (48) | 316 (55) | 151 (57) |
Current smoking, n (%) | 64 (32) | 220 (38) | 129 (49) |
Current vaping, n (%) | 21 (10) | 37 (6) | 17 (6) |
Regular exercise, n (%) | 152 (75) | 479 (83) | 233 (88) |
Sparse facial hair, n (%) 1 | 157(77) | 464 (80) | 230 (87) |
Acne, n (%) | 66 (33) | 221 (38) | 103 (39) |
Urogenital disorders, n (%) 2 | 36 (18) | 121 (21) | 55 (21) |
Mothers | |||
Age at birth of son, mean (SD) | 30.1 (4.0) | 30.6 (4.1) | 30.5 (4.4) |
Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 45 (22) | 132 (23) | 66 (25) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, mean (SD) | 22.6 (3.8) | 22.9 (3.6) | 22.7 (3.5) |
High family occupational status, n (%) 3 | 69 (34) | 192 (33) | 93 (35) |
Semen sample parameters | |||
Days of abstinence, mean (SD) | 2.5 (2.0) | 2.3 (1.4) | 2.2 (1.3) |
Spillage, yes n (%) | 33 (16) | 96 (17) | 50 (19) |
Minutes from ejaculation to analysis, mean (SD) | 50 (19.9) | 49 (19.3) | 52 (19.1) |
Sampling site, clinic n (%) | 176 (87) | 504 (87) | 224 (85) |
Place of analysis, Copenhagen n (%) | 150 (74) | 442 (76) | 230 (87) |
Item | General Hygiene | Hair Care | ||||
Deodorant | Perfume | Shower Gel | Shampoo | Conditioner | Hair Products | |
General hygiene | ||||||
Deodorant | ||||||
Perfume | 0.09 | |||||
Shower gel | 0.12 | 0.09 | ||||
Hair Care | ||||||
Shampoo | 0 | 0.03 | −0.07 | |||
Conditioner | 0 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.09 | ||
Hair products | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.05 | |
Shaving products | ||||||
Shaving foam | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.11 |
Aftershave | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.14 | −0.03 | 0.11 | 0.02 |
Skin care | ||||||
Body lotion | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.1 | −0.01 | 0.14 | 0.12 |
Skin tonic | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.1 | −0.00 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Face cream | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.09 | −0.09 | 0.12 | 0.18 |
Other | ||||||
Hair remover | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.08 | −0.01 |
Item | Shaving Product | Skin Care | ||||
Shaving Foam | Aftershave | Body Lotion | Skin Tonic | Face Cream | ||
Aftershave | 0.27 | |||||
Skin care | ||||||
Body lotion | 0.05 | 0.08 | ||||
Skin tonic | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.08 | |||
Face cream | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.21 | ||
Other | ||||||
Hair remover | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.02 |
Parameter | N 1 | Overall PCP Usage | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | |||||
(≤3 PCPs) | (4–6 PCPs) | (≥7 PCPs) | |||||
Md | P25%, P75% | Md | P25%, P75% | Md | P25%, P75% | ||
Sperm concentration (106/mL) | 1046 | 38 | 18, 73 | 40 | 19, 76 | 38 | 20, 65 |
Total sperm count (106) | 867 | 105 | 41, 204 | 99 | 45, 202 | 106 | 52, 196 |
Semen volume (mL) | 867 | 2.9 | 2.0, 3.8 | 2.6 | 1.8, 3.6 | 2.7 | 2.0, 3.7 |
Progressive motility (%) | 1031 | 64 | 52, 72 | 63 | 52, 74 | 63 | 53, 74 |
Morphology, normal (%) | 1026 | 7 | 4, 10 | 6 | 3, 10 | 6 | 2, 10 |
Characteristics | Model 1 | N | Overall PCP Usage | ||
Low | Medium | High | |||
(≤3 PCPs) | (4–6 PCPs) | (≥7 PCPs) | |||
Reference | % Difference (95% CI) | % Difference (95% CI) | |||
Sperm concentration (106/mL) | Crude | 1046 | 0 | 2 (−11, 18) | −8 (−22, 8) |
Adjusted | 1037 | 0 | 9 (−5, 26) | −2 (−17, 15) | |
Total sperm count (106) | Crude | 867 | 0 | −3 (−18, 15) | −4 (−21, 17) |
Adjusted | 858 | 0 | −4 (−18, 13) | −3 (−20, 16) | |
Semen volume (mL) | Crude | 866 | 0 | −8 (−17, 2) | −3 (−14, 9) |
Adjusted | 857 | 0 | −4 (−14, 7) | 0 (−12, 13) | |
Motility, 100-progressive (%) | Crude | 1031 | 0 | 0 (−4, 7) | 0 (−7, 8) |
Adjusted | 1016 | 0 | 2 (−5, 8) | 3 (−4, 11) | |
Morphology, normal (%) | Crude | 1026 | 0 | −8 (−19, 4) | −8 (−20, 6) |
Adjusted | 1017 | 0 | −7 (−18, 5) | −8 (−20, 7) | |
Characteristics Model 1 N | Fragranced PCP Usage | ||||
Low | Medium | High | |||
(≤2 PCPs) | (3–4 PCPs) | (≥5 PCPs) | |||
Reference | % Difference (95% CI) | % Difference (95% CI) | |||
Sperm concentration (106/mL) | Crude | 1046 | 0 | −5 (−16, 8) | −6 (−18, 9) |
Adjusted | 1037 | 0 | 0 (−12, 14) | 6 (−9, 24) | |
Total sperm count (106) | Crude | 867 | 0 | 1 (−13, 17) | −6 (−20, 11) |
Adjusted | 858 | 0 | 5 (−10, 22) | 7 (−11, 28) | |
Semen volume (mL) | Crude | 866 | 0 | 1 (−8, 10) | −4 (−14, 6) |
Adjusted | 857 | 0 | 5 (−5, 15) | 1 (−10, 14) | |
Motility, 100-progressive (%) | Crude | 1031 | 0 | 0 (−6, 5) | −4 (−10, 2) |
Adjusted | 1016 | 0 | 0 (−6, 6) | −4 (−11, 3) | |
Morphology, normal (%) | Crude | 1026 | 0 | −4 (−14, 7) | −3 (−14, 9) |
Adjusted | 1017 | 0 | −1 (−12, 11) | 3 (−11, 18) |
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Ugelvig Petersen, K.; Balkiss, A.M.; Hærvig, K.K.; Ellekilde Bonde, J.P.; Hougaard, K.S.; Toft, G.; Ramlau-Hansen, C.H.; Tøttenborg, S.S. Use of Personal Care Products and Semen Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study in Young Danish Men. Toxics 2020, 8, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8030062
Ugelvig Petersen K, Balkiss AM, Hærvig KK, Ellekilde Bonde JP, Hougaard KS, Toft G, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Tøttenborg SS. Use of Personal Care Products and Semen Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study in Young Danish Men. Toxics. 2020; 8(3):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8030062
Chicago/Turabian StyleUgelvig Petersen, Kajsa, Ahmad Mahmoud Balkiss, Katia Keglberg Hærvig, Jens Peter Ellekilde Bonde, Karin Sørig Hougaard, Gunnar Toft, Cecilia Høst Ramlau-Hansen, and Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg. 2020. "Use of Personal Care Products and Semen Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study in Young Danish Men" Toxics 8, no. 3: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8030062
APA StyleUgelvig Petersen, K., Balkiss, A. M., Hærvig, K. K., Ellekilde Bonde, J. P., Hougaard, K. S., Toft, G., Ramlau-Hansen, C. H., & Tøttenborg, S. S. (2020). Use of Personal Care Products and Semen Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study in Young Danish Men. Toxics, 8(3), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8030062