Mitigating Milk-Associated Bacteria through Inducing Zinc Ions Antibiofilm Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Strains and Growth Conditions
2.2. Visualizing Biofilm Bundles Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
2.3. Examination of Expression of Matrix Gene in B. subtilis Using CLSM and Florescence Microscope
2.4. RNA Extraction and Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR
2.5. Visualization of Morphological Changes in Bacterial Cells Exposed to Zinc Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.6. Analysis of Survival Rates Following Heat Treatment
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sub-Lethal Concentarations of Zn2+ Ions Inhibit Biofilm Formation by B. subtilis
3.2. Zn2+ Ions Inhibit Biofilm Formation through Downregulation of Genes Involved in Construction of Extracellular Matrix
3.3. Zn2+ Ions Disrupt Biofilm Bundles
3.4. Morphological Changes in Bacterial Cells Exposed to Zinc
3.5. Bacterial Cells Exposed to Zinc are More Sensitive to Heat Treatment
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hutchings, C.; Rajasekharan, S.K.; Reifen, R.; Shemesh, M. Mitigating Milk-Associated Bacteria through Inducing Zinc Ions Antibiofilm Activity. Foods 2020, 9, 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081094
Hutchings C, Rajasekharan SK, Reifen R, Shemesh M. Mitigating Milk-Associated Bacteria through Inducing Zinc Ions Antibiofilm Activity. Foods. 2020; 9(8):1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081094
Chicago/Turabian StyleHutchings, Carmel, Satish Kumar Rajasekharan, Ram Reifen, and Moshe Shemesh. 2020. "Mitigating Milk-Associated Bacteria through Inducing Zinc Ions Antibiofilm Activity" Foods 9, no. 8: 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081094