Mineral Composition in Delactosed Dairy Products: Quality and Safety Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Instrumentation
2.4. Multielement Analysis by ICP-MS
3. Results
3.1. Method Validation
3.2. Element Contents in Commercial Delactosed Dairy Products from Different Varieties
3.3. Principal Component Analysis
3.4. Elements Uptake by Delactosed Dairy Products
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Step | Time | Temperature | Microwave Power |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 15 min | 0–180 °C | 1100 W |
2 | 15 min | 180 °C | 1100 W |
3 | 20 min | Cooling |
Spectrometer | iCAP Q Thermo Scientific with Qcell Reaction System |
---|---|
Nebulizer | Concentric PFA |
RF generator | 1550 W |
Sample depth | 5 mm |
Interface | Sample and skimmer cones in Ni |
Interface pressure | 1.89 × 10+00 Pa |
Argon flow (plasma/ausiliario/carrier) | 14/0.8/1.1 L/min |
Sample introduction Flow | 0.93 mL/min |
Scanning condition | Number of replicates: 3, dwell time: 1 s |
CCT gas flow (He) | 4.7 mL/min |
Vacuum | <7, 5 × 10−7 Pa |
Extract Lens 1 Voltage | 1.5 V |
Spray chamber temperature | 2.7 °C |
SKIMMED MILK POWDER ERM-BD150 (mg/kg) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Element | LOD (μg/kg) | LOQ (μg/kg) | R2 | Experimental Value | Expected Value | Recovery (%) |
Li | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.9998 | 1.90 * | 2.00 * | 95.00 |
Be | 0.005 | 0.017 | 0.9997 | 1.92 * | 2.00 * | 96.00 |
B | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.9997 | 1.89 * | 2.00 * | 94.50 |
Na | 1.323 | 4.366 | 0.9975 | 3565 | 4180 | 85.29 |
Mg | 0.037 | 0.122 | 0.9991 | 1197 | 1260 | 95.00 |
Al | 0.081 | 0.267 | 0.9995 | 1.91 * | 2.00 * | 95.50 |
K | 0.221 | 0.729 | 0.9972 | 15,106 | 17,000 | 88.86 |
Ti | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9997 | 2.02 * | 2.00 * | 101.00 |
V | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9998 | 2.01 * | 2.00 * | 100.50 |
Cr | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9997 | 1.97 * | 2.00 * | 98.50 |
Mn | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9998 | 0.285 | 0.289 | 98.62 |
Fe | 0.014 | 0.046 | 0.9997 | 4.35 | 4.60 | 94.57 |
Co | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9998 | 2.02 * | 2.00 * | 101.00 |
Ni | 0.018 | 0.054 | 0.9998 | 1.96 * | 2.00 * | 98.00 |
Cu | 0.015 | 0.050 | 0.9973 | 1.03 | 1.08 | 95.37 |
Zn | 0.057 | 0.188 | 0.9982 | 43.95 | 44.80 | 98.10 |
As | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9997 | 2.00 * | 2.00 * | 100.00 |
Se | 0.062 | 0.205 | 0.9980 | 0.179 | 0.188 | 95.21 |
Sr | 0.004 | 0.013 | 0.9998 | 1.98 * | 2.00 * | 99.00 |
Mo | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.9997 | 2.01 * | 2.00 * | 100.50 |
Ag | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9997 | 1.98 * | 2.00 * | 99.00 |
Cd | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9997 | 0.0108 | 0.0114 | 94.74 |
Sb | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9998 | 1.92 * | 2.00 * | 96.00 |
Ba | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.9997 | 1.95 * | 2.00 * | 97.50 |
Tl | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9997 | 1.92 * | 2.00 * | 96.00 |
Pb | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9998 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 94.74 |
Bi | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9997 | 1.97 * | 2.00 * | 98.50 |
Hg * | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.9997 | 0.061 | 0.060 | 101.67 |
Yogurt (n = 3) | Cottage (n = 3) | Crescenza (n = 3) | Robiola (n = 3) | Primo Sale (n = 3) | Cream (n = 3) | Processed (n = 3) | Processed Slices (n = 3) | Pasta Filata (n = 3) | Mozzarella (n = 3) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | |
Ca | 1223 | 25.2 | 2843 | 121.0 | 3567 | 58.6 | 807 | 51.6 | 4250 | 90.0 | 1114 | 132.6 | 3799 | 235.3 | 6011 | 116.8 | 6145 | 126.8 | 3700 | 180.3 |
Na | 657 | 144.8 | 3217 | 231.8 | 3067 | 61.5 | 3144 | 368.8 | 4117 | 1732.6 | 3344 | 417.6 | 9461 | 851.1 | 10,473 | 802.6 | 4722 | 818.4 | 2495 | 447.2 |
K | 213 | 6.6 | 95 | 18.6 | 170 | 18.3 | 197 | 28.2 | 252 | 13.6 | 193 | 17.0 | 221 | 36.0 | 98 | 5.9 | 194 | 21.3 | 65 | 14.4 |
Mg | 31.42 | 13.94 | 11.05 | 3.87 | 36.66 | 6.89 | 13.17 | 2.50 | 46.74 | 10.37 | 20.09 | 10.22 | 33.72 | 8.39 | 45.49 | 8.80 | 93.84 | 10.24 | 40.74 | 18.62 |
Fe | 2.58 | 1.12 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.52 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 1.12 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 2.29 | 1.04 | 0.61 | 0.25 | 6.94 | 1.45 |
Al | 0.43 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.57 | 0.08 | 0.55 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.48 | 0.22 | 0.43 | 0.27 | 0.86 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.01 |
Zn | 0.33 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 1.31 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 1.64 | 0.63 | 0.46 | 0.27 | 2.42 | 1.36 | 1.47 | 0.19 | 2.07 | 0.33 | 3.61 | 0.92 |
Ti | 0.75 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.06 | 1.61 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.06 | 2.15 | 0.84 | 0.47 | 0.19 | 1.12 | 0.13 | 2.08 | 0.49 | 2.33 | 0.47 | 1.89 | 0.52 |
Sr | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.63 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.06 | 0.49 | 0.31 |
Mn | 0.043 | 0.015 | 0.027 | 0.015 | 0.047 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.013 | 0.039 | 0.008 | 0.037 | 0.023 | 0.061 | 0.035 | 0.343 | 0.422 | 0.049 | 0.025 | 0.191 | 0.069 |
Ba | 0.027 | 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.040 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.036 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.037 | 0.003 | 0.108 | 0.014 | 0.083 | 0.029 | 0.206 | 0.130 |
Ni | 0.016 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.026 | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.006 | 0.042 | 0.011 | 0.018 | 0.008 | 0.023 | 0.006 | 0.051 | 0.025 |
Cd | 0.018 | 0.008 | 0.028 | 0.024 | 0.018 | 0.003 | 0.025 | 0.005 | 0.029 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.006 | 0.020 | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.023 | 0.003 |
V | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.016 | 0.005 |
Cr | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.018 | 0.002 | n.d. | - | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.008 | 0.043 | 0.030 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.017 | 0.006 | 0.021 | 0.009 |
Co | 0.002 | 0.001 | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Pb | 0.002 | 0.001 | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | n.d. | - | 0.009 | 0.005 |
As | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | n.d. | - | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Hg | n.d. | - | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.031 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Se | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | 0.036 | * | 0.018 | 0.008 | n.d | - | n.d. | - | 0.069 | 0.027 |
Cu | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | 0.109 | * | 0.051 | 0.019 | n.d. | - | n.d. | - | 0.241 | 0.086 |
Yogurt | Cottage | Crescenza | Robiola | Primo Sale | Cream | Processed | Processed | Pasta Filata | Mozzarella | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | |
Ca | 19% | 27% | 36% | 8% | 43% | 6% | 10% | 21% | 35% | 58% | ||||||||||
Na | 5.5% | 16.1% | 16.4% | 16.8% | 22.0% | 8.9% | 12.9% | 20.0% | 14.2% | 20.8% | ||||||||||
K | 1.3% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.4% | ||||||||||
Mg | 1.0% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 1.0% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 1.1% | 1.4% | ||||||||||
Fe | 2.31% | 0.20% | 0.20% | 0.30% | 0.02% | 0.32% | 0.03% | 0.47% | 0.20% | 6.19% | ||||||||||
Zn | 0.4% | 0.3% | 1.0% | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 4.5% | ||||||||||
Mn | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 1.2% | ||||||||||
Cr | 3.2% | 1.3% | 3.6% | n.a. | 0.5% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 1.9% | 6.7% | ||||||||||
Se | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 2.6% | 0.7% | n.a. | n.a. | 15.8% | |||||||||||
Cu | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.4% | 0.1% | n.a. | n.a. | 3.0% | |||||||||||
Al | 88.61% | |||||||||||||||||||
Ni | 0.15% | 0.04% | 0.05% | 0.07% | 0.16% | 0.04% | 0.07% | 0.04% | 0.08% | 0.48% | ||||||||||
Cd | 1.5% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 1.9% | ||||||||||
Pb | 0.7% | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.3% | n.a. | 3.6% | ||||||||||
As | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | n.a. | 1.2% | ||||||||||
Hg | n.a. | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.5% |
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Crupi, R.; Lo Turco, V.; Gugliandolo, E.; Nava, V.; Potortì, A.G.; Cuzzocrea, S.; Di Bella, G.; Licata, P. Mineral Composition in Delactosed Dairy Products: Quality and Safety Status. Foods 2022, 11, 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020139
Crupi R, Lo Turco V, Gugliandolo E, Nava V, Potortì AG, Cuzzocrea S, Di Bella G, Licata P. Mineral Composition in Delactosed Dairy Products: Quality and Safety Status. Foods. 2022; 11(2):139. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020139
Chicago/Turabian StyleCrupi, Rosalia, Vincenzo Lo Turco, Enrico Gugliandolo, Vincenzo Nava, Angela Giorgia Potortì, Salvatore Cuzzocrea, Giuseppa Di Bella, and Patrizia Licata. 2022. "Mineral Composition in Delactosed Dairy Products: Quality and Safety Status" Foods 11, no. 2: 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020139
APA StyleCrupi, R., Lo Turco, V., Gugliandolo, E., Nava, V., Potortì, A. G., Cuzzocrea, S., Di Bella, G., & Licata, P. (2022). Mineral Composition in Delactosed Dairy Products: Quality and Safety Status. Foods, 11(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020139