Storage Stability of Conventional and High Internal Phase Emulsions Stabilized Solely by Chickpea Aquafaba
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Chickpea Aquafaba (CA) Production
2.3. CA Proximate Composition
2.4. Conventional Emulsions and HIPE Production
2.5. Conventional Emulsions and HIPE Characterization
2.5.1. Droplet Size
2.5.2. Optical and Fluorescence Microscopy
2.5.3. Rheological Measurements
2.5.4. Conventional Emulsions and HIPE Stability
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. CA Proximate Composition
3.2. Droplet Size and Optical Microscopy
3.3. Rheological Properties
3.3.1. Steady-Shear Behavior
3.3.2. Oscillatory Shear Behavior
Amplitude Sweep
Frequency Sweep
Temperature Sweep
3.4. Conventional Emulsions and HIPE Stability
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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D[4,3] (µm) | D[3,2] (µm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | EΦ65% | EΦ70% | EΦ75% | EΦ65% | EΦ70% | EΦ75% |
0 | 14.1 ± 0.1 aA | 12.3 ± 0.3 aB | 11.0 ± 0.2 aC | 6.5 ± 0.1 aA | 5.9 ± 0.1 abB | 5.5 ± 0.0 bC |
3 | 15.3 ± 0.5 bcA | 12.5 ± 0.2 abB | 11.4 ± 0.1 abC | 7.0 ± 0.2 bA | 6.0 ± 0.1 bcB | 5.4 ± 0.0 abC |
7 | 14.4 ± 0.8 abA | 12.8 ± 0.6 abB | 11.4 ± 0.2 abC | 6.3 ± 0.4 aA | 5.9 ± 0.4 abB | 5.4 ± 0.1 abC |
30 | 15.9 ± 1.3 cA | 12.9 ± 0.6 bB | 11.5 ± 0.2 bC | 7.0 ± 0.2 bA | 6.2 ± 0.2 cB | 5.7 ± 0.1 bC |
45 | 14.6 ± 0.4 abA | 12.5 ± 0.4 abB | 11.5 ± 0.3 abC | 6.6 ± 0.2 acA | 5.7 ± 0.1 aB | 5.4 ± 0.0 aC |
60 | 14.8 ± 0.6 abA | 13.0 ± 0.3 bB | 12.8 ± 0.8 cB | 6.9 ± 0.1 bcA | 5.9 ± 0.1 abB | 5.7 ± 0.1 cC |
Experimental Parameters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Storage (d) | k (Pa·sn) | n | η5 (Pa·s) | η300 (Pa·s) | σ0 (Pa) | |
EΦ65% | ||||||
0 | 4.75 ± 0.15 ab | 0.48 ± 0.01 abc | 1.83 ± 0.03 ab | 0.25 ± 0.00 a | 6.54 ± 0.26 a | |
3 | 5.81 ± 0.21 a | 0.47 ± 0.00 c | 2.27 ± 0.15 ab | 0.28 ± 0.01 ab | 8.47 ± 0.68 a | |
7 | 5.84 ± 0.52 a | 0.47 ± 0.01 ac | 2.34 ± 0.27 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 b | 8.50 ± 0.96 a | |
14 | 5.19 ± 0.62 ab | 0.48 ± 0.01 abc | 2.14 ± 0.25 ab | 0.27 ± 0.01 a b | 7.86 ± 0.92 a | |
30 | 4.75 ± 0.60 ab | 0.49 ± 0.01 ab | 1.94 ± 0.22 b | 0.26 ± 0.01 ab | 7.03 ± 1.15 a | |
45 | 4.80 ± 0.24 ab | 0.49 ± 0.00 ab | 1.95 ± 0.15 ab | 0.27 ± 0.01 ab | 7.17 ± 0.73 a | |
60 | 4.40 ± 0.04 b | 0.50 ± 0.00 b | 1.80 ± 0.06 a | 0.26 ± 0.00 ab | 6.41 ± 0.28 a | |
EΦ70% | ||||||
0 | 10.86 ± 0.65 a | 0.41 ± 0.00 ab | 4.02 ± 0.24 a | 0.37 ± 0.02 a | 16.47 ± 1.17 a | |
3 | 13.12 ± 0.26 cd | 0.40 ± 0.00 ac | 4.82 ± 0.36 a | 0.43 ± 0.02 b | 20.25 ± 1.04 bc | |
7 | 13.49 ± 0.44 d | 0.39 ± 0.00 c | 4.83 ± 0.43 a | 0.43 ± 0.02 b | 20.44 ± 1.00 c | |
14 | 11.95 ± 0.66 abcd | 0.40 ± 0.00 abc | 4.47 ± 0.39 a | 0.40 ± 0.01 ab | 18.55 ± 1.58 abc | |
30 | 10.94 ± 0.71 ab | 0.41 ± 0.00 b | 4.13 ± 0.31 a | 0.39 ± 0.02 ab | 16.65 ± 1.47 ab | |
45 | 12.63 ± 1.00 bcd | 0.41 ± 0.00 abc | 4.62 ± 0.49 a | 0.43 ± 0.02 b | 18.59 ± 2.06 abc | |
60 | 11.74 ± 0.24 abc | 0.41 ± 0.01 ab | 4.16 ± 0.21 a | 0.41 ± 0.01 ab | 16.67 ± 0.48 ab | |
EΦ75% | ||||||
0 | 26.69 ± 2.93 a | 0.32 ± 0.01 abc | 8.96 ± 0.86 a | 0.55 ± 0.06 a | 40.67 ± 4.33 a | |
3 | 33.93 ± 3.09 ab | 0.31 ± 0.00 a | 11.31 ± 1.30 a | 0.65 ± 0.07 ab | 50.55 ± 5.73 ab | |
7 | 31.28 ± 3.19 ab | 0.31 ± 0.01 abc | 10.07 ± 1.20 a | 0.63 ± 0.03 ab | 46.28 ± 4.77 ab | |
14 | 35.74 ± 3.98 b | 0.31 ± 0.01 ab | 11.27 ± 1.22 a | 0.69 ± 0.04 b | 53.37 ± 5.72 b | |
30 | 28.54 ± 1.10 ab | 0.32 ± 0.01 abc | 9.42 ± 0.23 a | 0.61 ± 0.04 ab | 42.90 ± 1.20 ab | |
45 | 31.02 ± 1.92 ab | 0.32 ± 0.00 bc | 10.37 ± 0.61 a | 0.66 ± 0.02 ab | 44.55 ± 2.67 ab | |
60 | 30.45 ± 1.41 ab | 0.33 ± 0.01 c | 9.88 ± 0.51 a | 0.66 ± 0.01 ab | 42.45 ± 2.22 ab |
Sample | Storage (d) | G′LVR (Pa) | G″LVR(Pa) | OSL(Pa) | tanδLVR | FPOS(Pa) | FPG(Pa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 380.94 ± 37.04 ac | 58.70 ± 5.42 ab | 1.26 ± 0.00 a | 0.15 ± 0.00 a | 2.64 ± 0.34 cd | 105.27 ± 34.63 a | |
3 | 426.55 ± 43.31 a | 72.01 ± 7.90 bc | 1.26 ± 0.00 a | 0.17 ± 0.02 a | 4.03 ± 0.65 e | 74.56 ± 21.71 a | |
7 | 452.70 ± 8.89 a | 72.63 ± 1.66 bc | 1.26 ± 0.00 a | 0.16 ± 0.00 a | 2.84 ± 0.00 d | 107.11 ± 28.33 a | |
EΦ65% | 14 | 415.05 ± 50.79 ac | 81.13 ± 7.37 c | 1.00 ± 0.00 e | 0.20 ± 0.02 ab | 2.45 ± 0.34 bcd | 115.47 ± 26.41 a |
30 | 318.57 ± 47.74 bc | 59.10 ± 10.2 ab | 0.74 ± 0.09 d | 0.19 ± 0.02 ab | 1.61 ± 0.26 ab | 79.37 ± 35.80 a | |
45 | 243.02 ± 34.13 b | 53.62 ± 1.02 a | 0.63 ± 0.00 c | 0.22 ± 0.03 b | 1.32 ± 0.17 a | 81.25 ± 8.28 a | |
60 | 215.58 ± 30.05 b | 47.46 ± 5.58 a | 0.50 ± 0.00 b | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 1.79 ± 0.00 abc | 58.21 ± 5.13 a | |
0 | 695.53 ± 39.37 a | 76.11 ± 3.66 b | 5.01 ± 0.00 e | 0.11 ± 0.00 a | 10.52 ± 1.34 bc | 181.60 ± 17.44 ab | |
3 | 742.63 ± 27.58 a | 84.90 ± 2.52 ab | 5.01 ± 0.00 e | 0.11 ± 0.00 ab | 12.27 ± 1.69 c | 147.08 ± 7.24 a | |
7 | 753.74 ± 50.41 a | 97.10 ± 12.31 a | 3.98 ± 0.00 d | 0.13 ± 0.01 bc | 8.36 ± 1.07 abc | 203.23 ± 12.49 ab | |
EΦ70% | 14 | 764.28 ± 42.70 a | 99.46 ± 4.70 a | 3.71 ± 0.47 cd | 0.13 ± 0.00 cd | 6.56 ± 2.74 ab | 227.96 ± 34.67 b |
30 | 749.47 ± 26.23 a | 91.81 ± 3.21 ab | 3.16 ± 0.00 bc | 0.12 ± 0.00 abc | 7.13 ± 0.00 ab | 241.78 ± 43.84 b | |
45 | 661.30 ± 38.73 a | 95.45 ± 5.11 a | 2.73 ± 0.38 ab | 0.14 ± 0.00 d | 5.49 ± 0.92 a | 205.81 ± 29.12 ab | |
60 | 532.30 ± 38.38 b | 89.48 ± 4.75 ab | 2.03 ± 0.46 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 e | 5.27 ± 0.67 a | 144.58 ± 13.76 a | |
0 | 1377.74 ± 69.46 c | 120.09 ± 25.22 a | 19.95 ± 0.00 d | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 65.56 ± 27.44 b | 318.96 ± 39.47 a | |
3 | 1142.70 ± 21.02 a | 114.06 ± 2.20 a | 15.85 ± 0.00 c | 0.10 ± 0.00 a | 41.88 ± 5.34 ab | 241.61 ± 44.11 ab | |
7 | 1087.21 ± 27.81 a | 103.38 ± 6.76 a | 12.59 ± 0.00 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 34.35 ± 2.36 a | 257.43 ± 17.40 ab | |
EΦ75% | 14 | 1190.30 ± 71.31 a | 117.95 ± 10.63 a | 12.59 ± 0.00 b | 0.10 ± 0.00 a | 35.72 ± 0.00 ab | 279.65 ± 54.68 ab |
30 | 1073.52 ± 37.48 a | 101.29 ± 4.07 a | 7.94 ± 0.00 a | 0.09 ± 0.00 a | 41.88 ± 5.34 ab | 170.20 ± 13.41 b | |
45 | 1157.35 ± 68.12 a | 114.39 ± 1.69 a | 7.94 ± 0.00 a | 0.10 ± 0.00 a | 25.45 ± 2.92 a | 293.23 ± 61.55 a | |
60 | 928.37 ± 41.38 b | 105.39 ± 6.47 a | 7.40 ± 0.94 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 20.99 ± 2.68 a | 247.10 ± 44.41 ab |
Experimental Parameters | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samples | Storage (d) | k′ (Pa·sn) | n′ | R2 | G′ (Pa) | G″ (Pa) | tanδ |
0 | 394 ± 32 ab | 0.18 ± 0.02 a | 0.96 | 599 ± 54 a | 109 ± 12 abc | 0.18 ± 0.01 a | |
3 | 461 ± 4 abc | 0.22 ± 0.05 a | 0.97 | 718 ± 11 a | 134 ± 8 c | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | |
7 | 489 ± 27 c | 0.18 ± 0.03 a | 0.96 | 723 ± 53 a | 119 ± 6 bc | 0.16 ± 0.00 a | |
EΦ65% | 14 | 487 ± 30 bc | 0.19 ± 0.02 a | 0.97 | 654 ± 89 a | 130 ± 13 c | 0.20 ± 0.04 a |
30 | 367 ± 46 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.96 | 546 ± 55 ab | 96 ± 11 ab | 0.18 ± 0.02 a | |
45 | 273 ± 36 d | 0.19 ± 0.02 a | 0.96 | 425 ± 36 b | 92 ± 14 ab | 0.22 ± 0.05 a | |
60 | 266 ± 31 d | 0.19 ± 0.02 a | 0.96 | 408 ± 49 b | 79 ± 13 a | 0.19 ± 0.03 a | |
0 | 846 ± 58 ab | 0.14 ± 0.02 ab | 0.98 | 1097 ± 42 a | 172 ± 12 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 ab | |
3 | 914 ± 20 b | 0.17 ± 0.01 b | 0.99 | 1396 ± 163 c | 250 ± 40 b | 0.18 ± 0.03 b | |
7 | 810 ± 56 ab | 0.13 ± 0.02 ab | 0.95 | 1069 ± 37 ab | 145 ± 27 a | 0.14 ± 0.02 ab | |
EΦ70% | 14 | 828 ± 53 ab | 0.14 ± 0.02 ab | 0.97 | 1105 ± 109 a | 174 ± 36 a | 0.16 ± 0.02 ab |
30 | 731 ± 40 ac | 0.12 ± 0.00 a | 0.96 | 972 ± 43 ab | 115 ± 6 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a a | |
45 | 709 ± 71 ac | 0.14 ± 0.01 ab | 0.97 | 968 ± 79 ab | 151 ± 18 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 ab | |
60 | 617 ± 22 c | 0.15 ± 0.01 ab | 0.97 | 845 ± 38 b | 130 ± 8 a | 0.15 ± 0.00 ab | |
0 | 1252 ± 97 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.97 | 1357 ± 51 a | 120 ± 29 a | 0.09 ± 0.02 ab | |
3 | 1244 ± 18 a | 0.08 ± 0.00 a | 0.91 | 1447 ± 17 ab | 122 ± 5 a | 0.08 ± 0.00 a | |
7 | 1207 ± 98 a | 0.09 ± 0.02 ab | 0.96 | 1419 ± 80 ab | 165 ± 36 ab | 0.12 ± 0.03 abc | |
EΦ75% | 14 | 1326 ± 43 a | 0.09 ± 0.00 ab | 0.96 | 1502 ± 162 ab | 182 ± 46 ab | 0.12 ± 0.02 abc |
30 | 1128 ± 82 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.97 | 1342 ± 87 a | 124 ± 19 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 abc | |
45 | 1183 ± 26 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 b | 0.98 | 1698 ± 224 b | 226 ± 19 b | 0.13 ± 0.01 bc | |
60 | 1122 ± 76 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 b | 0.96 | 1375 ± 89 ab | 187 ± 28 ab | 0.14 ± 0.01 c |
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Grossi Bovi Karatay, G.; Medeiros Theóphilo Galvão, A.M.; Dupas Hubinger, M. Storage Stability of Conventional and High Internal Phase Emulsions Stabilized Solely by Chickpea Aquafaba. Foods 2022, 11, 1588. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111588
Grossi Bovi Karatay G, Medeiros Theóphilo Galvão AM, Dupas Hubinger M. Storage Stability of Conventional and High Internal Phase Emulsions Stabilized Solely by Chickpea Aquafaba. Foods. 2022; 11(11):1588. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111588
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrossi Bovi Karatay, Graziele, Andrêssa Maria Medeiros Theóphilo Galvão, and Miriam Dupas Hubinger. 2022. "Storage Stability of Conventional and High Internal Phase Emulsions Stabilized Solely by Chickpea Aquafaba" Foods 11, no. 11: 1588. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111588