Contamination of Fusarium proliferatum and Aspergillus flavus in the Rice Chain Linked to Crop Seasons, Cultivation Regions, and Traditional Agricultural Practices in Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location, Sampling, and Data Collection
2.2. Determination of Water Activity
2.3. Isolation and Determination of Fungi
2.3.1. Isolation and Identification by Macroscope and Microscope Observation
2.3.2. Identification of Fungi by PCR Assay
2.4. Determination of Mycotoxigenic Fungi by LC–MS/MS
2.4.1. Extraction of Mycotoxins from Fungi
2.4.2. LC–MS/MS
2.5. Pre- and Post-Harvest Practices in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta Rice Chain
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Agricultural Practices in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta
3.2. Water Activity
3.3. Fungi Contamination in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta Rice Chain
3.3.1. Contamination of A. flavus and F. proliferatum by Crop Seasons
3.3.2. Infection of A. flavus and F. proliferatum by Cultivation Regions
3.4. Impact of Pre-Harvest Practices on the Infection of F. proliferatum and A. flavus
3.4.1. Selection of Paddy Variety
3.4.2. Crop Residue Management
3.4.3. Fertilizer Application
3.5. Impact of Post-Harvest Practices on the Contamination of F. proliferatum and A. flavus
3.5.1. Means of Transportation
3.5.2. Delayed Drying Time
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stages in the Rice Chain | Dong Thap (n = 85) | Can Tho (n = 80) | An Giang (n = 75) | Total Samples/Stage | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WS17/18 | SA18 | AW18 | WS18/19 | AW19 | WS17/18 | WS18/19 | AW19 | WS17/18 | SA18 | WS18/19 | AW19 | ||
Field | 7 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 48 |
Transport | 7 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 48 |
Drying | 7 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 48 |
Storage | 7 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 48 |
Milling | 7 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 48 |
Total | 35 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 10 | 25 | 20 | 35 | 15 | 20 | 15 | 25 | 240 |
Agricultural Practices | Applications | 2017–2019 |
---|---|---|
Total (n = 48) % | ||
Pre-harvest practices | ||
Paddy varieties | OM 5451 | 23 |
IR 50404 | 14 | |
DT 8 | 13 | |
Jasmine | 13 | |
Others (OM4900, 7347, ST24, Timthan) | 37 | |
Fertilizers | Inorganic | 90 |
Organic–Inorganic (30/70:w/w) | 10 | |
Crop residue management | Burn | 44 |
Remove off | 42 | |
Leave on the field and use bio-decomposer to decompose crop debris | 14 | |
Post-harvest practices | ||
Means of transportation | Trucks | 52 |
Boats | 33 | |
Boats–Trucks | 15 | |
Delayed drying duration (hours) | 2–8 | 67 |
8–12 | 10 | |
12–28 | 23 |
Describe Statistics | Field (n = 48) | Transport (n = 48) | Drying (n = 48) | Storage (n = 48) | Milling (n = 48) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | 0.95 ± 0.03 a | 0.95 ± 0.03 a | 0.72 ± 0.09 b | 0.71 ± 0.07 b | 0.69 ± 0.05 b |
Median | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.68 |
Min | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.63 |
Max | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.80 |
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Phan, L.T.K.; Tran, T.M.; Audenaert, K.; Jacxsens, L.; Eeckhout, M. Contamination of Fusarium proliferatum and Aspergillus flavus in the Rice Chain Linked to Crop Seasons, Cultivation Regions, and Traditional Agricultural Practices in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Foods 2021, 10, 2064. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092064
Phan LTK, Tran TM, Audenaert K, Jacxsens L, Eeckhout M. Contamination of Fusarium proliferatum and Aspergillus flavus in the Rice Chain Linked to Crop Seasons, Cultivation Regions, and Traditional Agricultural Practices in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Foods. 2021; 10(9):2064. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092064
Chicago/Turabian StylePhan, Lien Thi Kim, Trang Minh Tran, Kris Audenaert, Liesbeth Jacxsens, and Mia Eeckhout. 2021. "Contamination of Fusarium proliferatum and Aspergillus flavus in the Rice Chain Linked to Crop Seasons, Cultivation Regions, and Traditional Agricultural Practices in Mekong Delta, Vietnam" Foods 10, no. 9: 2064. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092064