Determination of Material Requirements for 3D Gel Food Printing Using a Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. 3D Printing
2.4. Determination of the Gel Food Formulation
2.5. Determination of Printing Material Requirements
2.6. Determination of the Rheological and Mechanical Parameters
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Determination of the Gel Food Formulation
3.2. Determination of Printing Material Requirements
3.2.1. Fidelity
3.2.2. Shape Retention
3.2.3. Extrudability
3.3. Effects of the Use of Pectin and the Gum Mixture on the Printing Material Requirements
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Gelatin (g) | Pectin (g) | Gum Mixture (g) | Water (g) | Sugar (g) | Citric Acid (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 30 | 1 |
A2 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 45 | 40 | 1 |
A3 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 30 | 1 |
A4 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 40 | 1 |
A5 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 51 | 30 | 1 |
A6 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 40 | 1 |
B1 | 8 | 7 | 0 | 54 | 30 | 1 |
B2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 53 | 30 | 1 |
B3 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 52 | 30 | 1 |
B4 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 52 | 30 | 1 |
B5 | 10 | 8 | 0 | 51 | 30 | 1 |
B6 | 10 | 9 | 0 | 50 | 30 | 1 |
C1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 61 | 30 | 1 |
C2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 51 | 40 | 1 |
C3 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 59 | 30 | 1 |
C4 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 49 | 40 | 1 |
C5 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 57 | 30 | 1 |
C6 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 47 | 40 | 1 |
Processing Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Heating barrel temperature | 24 °C |
Nozzle temperature | 24 °C |
Print platform temperature | 24 °C |
Nozzle diameter | 0.60 mm (0.84 mm for printing gum-mixture-based formulations) |
Layer height | 0.2 mm |
Coasting distance | 4 mm |
Extruder moving speed | 6 mm/s |
Sample | Printed Products | Printing Height (mm) | Printing Height after 1 h (mm) | Printability (%) | Dimensional Stability (%) | Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 8.25 ± 0.2 | 7.10 ± 0.2 | 82.54 | 86.06 | Uneven layer on the top of the printed object | |
A2 | 9.00 ± 0.0 | 8.49 ± 0.1 | 90.09 | 94.32 | Good molding | |
A3 | 8.40 ± 0.1 | 7.35 ± 0.2 | 83.99 | 87.55 | Uneven layer on the top of the printed object | |
A4 | 9.65 ± 0.1 | 9.36 ± 0.2 | 96.49 | 96.96 | Good molding | |
A5 | 8.40 ± 0.1 | 7.45 ± 0.1 | 83.90 | 88.78 | Uneven layer surface and unstable internal filling | |
A6 | 8.90 ± 0.2 | 8.78 ± 0.1 | 89.03 | 98.60 | Good molding but there are broken threads | |
B1 | 7.84 ± 0.2 | 5.55 ± 0.1 | 78.41 | 85.01 | No basic form and spreads after printing | |
B2 | 8.05 ± 0.1 | 6.67 ± 0.1 | 80.45 | 75.23 | No basic form and spreads after printing | |
B3 | 9.01 ± 0.2 | 6.38 ± 0.1 | 90.12 | 70.84 | Good adhesion between layers but not enough hardening | |
B4 | 9.77 ± 0.1 | 9.21 ± 0.1 | 97.68 | 94.32 | Good molding | |
B5 | 9.71 ± 0.2 | 9.27 ± 0.1 | 97.05 | 95.48 | Good molding | |
B6 | 9.68 ± 0.1 | 9.38 ± 0.1 | 96.79 | 96.96 | Good molding | |
C1 | 8.88 ± 0.2 | 8.40 ± 0.2 | 88.76 | 94.66 | Weak gel formulation, poor shape retention | |
C2 | 9.53 ± 0.1 | 9.29 ± 0.3 | 95.32 | 97.45 | Good molding | |
C3 | 9.00 ± 0.1 | 8.47 ± 0.2 | 89.99 | 94.11 | Cluttered line and uneven layer | |
C4 | 9.51 ± 01 | 9.32 ± 0.2 | 95.06 | 98.06 | Good molding | |
C5 | 9.08 ± 0.1 | 8.65 ± 0.1 | 90.78 | 95.34 | Cluttered line and uneven layer | |
C6 | 9.49 ± 0.1 | 9.68 ± 0.1 | 94.89 | 98.86 | Good molding |
Sample | G’ (Pa) | τ0 (Pa) | δ (°) |
---|---|---|---|
A2 | 3539.70 ± 18.80 | 258.30 | 5.88 ± 3.56 |
A4 | 5410.13 ± 88.41 | 267.28 | 5.04 ± 0.21 |
A6 | 7597.08 ± 170.43 | 283.09 | 4.78 ± 1.80 |
B4 | 208.74 ± 7.78 | 207.06 | 33.96 ± 0.77 |
B5 | 247.95 ± 12.34 | 224.41 | 33.64 ± 0.97 |
B6 | 470.48 ± 26.22 | 281.45 | 28.79 ± 0.99 |
C2 | 6577.77 ± 115.53 | 204.21 | 12.86 ± 0.13 |
C4 | 8754.99 ± 50.71 | 280.32 | 9.81 ± 0.07 |
C6 | 14,287.78 ± 91.24 | 295.15 | 7.55 ± 0.02 |
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In, J.; Jeong, H.; Song, S.; Min, S.C. Determination of Material Requirements for 3D Gel Food Printing Using a Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printer. Foods 2021, 10, 2272. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102272
In J, Jeong H, Song S, Min SC. Determination of Material Requirements for 3D Gel Food Printing Using a Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printer. Foods. 2021; 10(10):2272. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102272
Chicago/Turabian StyleIn, Jiwon, Haeun Jeong, Sanghoon Song, and Sea C. Min. 2021. "Determination of Material Requirements for 3D Gel Food Printing Using a Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printer" Foods 10, no. 10: 2272. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102272