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Article

Trapping of an Heterometallic Unsaturated Hydride: Structure and Properties of the Ammonia Complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(NH3)]

by
M. Angeles Alvarez
,
Daniel García-Vivó
*,
Estefanía Huergo
and
Miguel A. Ruiz
*
Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2018, 6(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6040125
Submission received: 15 October 2018 / Revised: 9 November 2018 / Accepted: 15 November 2018 / Published: 24 November 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Binuclear Complexes)
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Abstract

:
Complexes displaying multiple bonds between different metal atoms have considerable synthetic potential because of the combination of the high electronic and coordinative unsaturation associated to multiple bonds with the intrinsic polarity of heterometallic bonds but their number is scarce and its chemistry has been relatively little explored. In a preliminary study, our attempted synthesis of the unsaturated hydrides [MoMCp(μ-H)(μ-PR2)(CO)5] from anions [MoMCp(μ-PR2)(CO)5]− and (NH4)PF6 yielded instead the ammonia complexes [MoMCp(μ-H)(μ-PR2)(CO)5(NH3)] (M = Mn, R = Ph; M = Re, R = Cy). We have now examined the structure and behaviour of the MoMn complex (Mo–Mn = 3.087(3) Å) and found that it easily dissociates NH3 (this requiring some 40 kJ/mol, according to DFT calculations), to yield the undetectable unsaturated hydride [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5] (computed Mo–Mn = 2.796 Å), the latter readily adding simple donors L such as CNR (R = Xyl, p-C6H4OMe) and P(OMe)3, to give the corresponding electron-precise derivatives [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(L)]. Thus the ammonia complex eventually behaves as a synthetic equivalent of the unsaturated hydride [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5]. The isocyanide derivatives retained the stereochemistry of the parent complex (Mo–Mn = 3.0770(4) Å when R = Xyl) but a carbonyl rearrangement takes place in the reaction with phosphite to leave the entering ligand trans to the PPh2 group, a position more favoured on steric grounds.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The chemical behaviour of transition-metal complexes combining in the same molecule two or more close metal atoms of different elements (heterometallic complexes) is a living research area within modern Inorganic Chemistry. The combination of different electronic and coordination environments, as found in these molecules, produces cooperative and synergic effects eventually leading, when compared to complexes having just one type of metals (homometallic complexes), to higher reactivity and chemioselectivity, not only in stoichiometric processes of interest but also in catalytic ones [1,2,3]. It is not by accident that different relevant biological processes are only possible thanks to the action of different enzymes which in turn have heterometallic centres at their active sites, as it is the case of several nitrogenases, hydrogenases or dehydrogenases, which bear Fe–Co, V–Fe, Ni–Fe and related heterometallic active centres. Complexes displaying multiple bonds between distinct metal atoms are a class of heterometallic species of particular interest, since they combine the high electronic and coordinative unsaturation inherent to multiple bonds with the polarity of heterometallic bonds, which should lead to increased reactivity, when compared to homometallic analogues [4,5,6,7,8]. Yet, the chemistry of these species has been relatively little explored so far, due to synthetic difficulties or easy degradation to mononuclear species during their reactions, particularly in the case of organometallic compounds. However, there are precedents indicating that organometallic substrates with heterometallic multiple bonds have a large potential for the stoichiometric and catalytic activation of small molecules. For instance, Chetcuti et al. studied complexes with Co=Ni bonds able to induce under mild conditions different isomerisation processes, as well as regiospecific C–C couplings and P–C bond cleavages [8,9], while Suzuki et al. studied unsaturated complexes with Zr(μ-H)3Ir or TaIr(H)2 centres able to activate C–H, N–H and O–H bonds [10,11]. The same group found that the unsaturated hydride [Cp*Ru(μ-H)4OsCp*] undergoes addition reactions at a rate much higher than the rates measured for the corresponding homonuclear complexes having Ru–Ru or Os–Os bonds [12]. Therefore, the preparation of new organometallic complexes featuring heterometallic multiple bonds and stabilized towards degradation can be considered a relevant target in the current organometallic research. Recently, we reported the synthesis of the 32-electron complexes [MoMCp(μ-PR2)(CO)5]− (1) (M = Mn, R = Ph; M = Re, R = Cy), which are the first examples of organometallic anions with group 6–7 metals having multiple M–M´ bonds [13]. Protonation of these anions with (NH4)PF6 did not yield the sought unsaturated hydride-bridged derivatives [MoMCp(μ-H)(μ-PR2)(CO)5] but gave instead the corresponding ammonia complexes [MoMCp(μ-H)(μ-PR2)(CO)5(NH3)], this suggesting that the targeted unsaturated hydrides were very reactive species. Shortly after that, we found that the acetonitrile adduct [MoReCp(μ-H)(μ-PCy2)(CO)5(NCMe)] underwent easy displacement of NCMe with different molecules such as phosphines, thiols or alkynes, thus effectively acting as a surrogate of the unsaturated hydride [MoReCp(μ-H)(μ-PCy2)(CO)5] [14]. Given the similarity between the above Re complex and the ammonia complexes mentioned above, we wondered if the latter could also be used as synthetic equivalents of the elusive [MoMCp(μ-H)(μ-PR2)(CO)5] hydrides. We have explored this idea on the Mo–Mn substrate and in this paper we report a more complete structural characterization of the ammonia complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(NH3)] (2) and a computational study of the unsaturated hydride [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5] (H) following from ammonia release in the former (Figure 1). We also report our results on the reactions of 2 with simple donors such as isocyanides and phosphites, which prove that this ammonia complex effectively acts as a synthetic equivalent of the elusive unsaturated hydride H. In this paper we have adopted a “half-electron” counting convention for complexes displaying bridging hydrides, so compound H is regarded as having a Mo=Mn bond, thus emphasizing its unsaturated nature (but see our DFT description of such a bond). Other authors, however, recommend the adoption of a “half-arrow” convention for all hydride-bridged complexes [15]. A discussion on both views on hydride-bridged complexes has been made recently [16].

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Protonation of Anion 1. Structural Characterization of the Ammonia Complex 2

As noted in our preliminary study [13], the reaction of the unsaturated complex Na[MoMnCp(μ-PPh2)(CO)5] (1-Na) with (NH4)PF6 gives the ammonia complex 2 as the sole product (Scheme 1). Compound 2 is a poorly stable material easily decomposing upon manipulation, either in solution or in the solid state, to give the known hexacarbonyl complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)6] [17]. This suggests that ammonia coordination to manganese is quite weak in 2 and, accordingly, a separate experiment indicated that exposure of 2 to CO (1 atm) leads quantitatively to the above hexacarbonyl complex. Although we could not obtain compound 2 as an analytically pure product, we were able to grow, through low temperature crystallization, a few crystals suitable for an X-ray diffraction study. Even if the quality of the diffraction data was not high, the essential structural features of the molecule can be clearly defined (Figure 2 and Table 1).
The structure of 2 in the crystal is very similar to that of its rhenium analogue [13] and is made of MoCp(CO)2 and Mn(CO)3(NH3) fragments bridged by PPh2 and H ligands. The carbonyls around the manganese atom are in a facial arrangement and the ammonia ligand is positioned cis to the bridging ligands and anti to the Cp ring of the molybdenum fragment. Overall, compound 2 is a 34-electron complex for which a metal–metal single bond has to be formulated according to the 18-electron rule, which is consistent with the intermetallic separation of 3.087(3) Å, almost identical to the separation of 3.088(1) Å determined in the hexacarbonyl complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)6] [18]. As for the ammonia coordination, we note that the Mn–N length of 2.10(2) Å in 2 exactly matches the reference single-bond length of 2.10 Å for these atoms [19] and therefore is not particularly elongated. This length also is essentially identical to the values measured in the cation [Mn(CO)3(NH3)3]+, which appears to be the only other Mn(I) ammonia complex structurally characterized to date [20]. In contrast, ammonia ligands bound to paramagnetic Mn(II) centres display larger Mn N separations of ca. 2.24 Å [21].
Spectroscopic data in solution for 2 (Table 2 and Section 3) are fully consistent with the structure found in the crystal. Its IR spectrum in solution displays five C–O stretching bands, with the most energetic one (mainly corresponding to the symmetrical stretch of the Mn(CO)3 fragment) being of high intensity, which is indicative of a facial arrangement of the carbonyls around the Mn atom [22]. Its 31P NMR resonance appears at 161.4 ppm, some 30 ppm more deshielded than the corresponding resonance in the parent unsaturated anion 1 but in any case consistent with the presence of a phosphanyl ligand bridging a metal–metal bond [23]. The ammonia ligand gives rise to a relatively shielded 1H NMR resonance at −1.39 ppm, while the bridging hydride gives rise to a strongly shielded and P-coupled resonance, as expected (δ −12.52 ppm, JHP = 38 Hz). These data are comparable to those measured for the analogous Re complex (−0.06 ppm and −10.56 ppm, JHP = 20 Hz respectively) [13], with the differences in chemical shifts and P–H couplings being the expected ones when replacing a first-row atom (Mn) with a third-row one (Re) [24].

2.2. Mechanism of Formation of 2. DFT Calculations on the Putative Hydride Intermediate H

The reaction of anion 1 with the NH4+ cation is expected to be initiated with a proton transfer from the latter to the dimetal centre of the former, to give the unsaturated hydride H (Scheme 2). This is likely to involve the π component of the Mo=Mn bond of 1, which is the HOMO−2 of the molecule, as the donor orbital. Because of the spatial distribution of the latter orbital, the hydrogen atom is expected to be positioned so as to define a puckered MoPMnH central ring, as experimentally observed in the addition of the [Au{P(p-C6H4Me)3}]+ cation (isolobal with H+) to anion 1 [13]. In a second step, the ammonia released in the proton transfer event would coordinate to the unsaturated hydride H, to give the electron-precise product 2 eventually isolated. This should take place at the coordinatively unsaturated manganese atom and in a position anti with respect to the Mo-bound Cp ligand (Scheme 2), a position more favoured on steric grounds, thus explaining the relative arrangement of these ligands found in the final product.
To further support the above hypothesis, we have carried out density functional theory (DFT) calculations on intermediate H and we have found that the presumed structure is a minimum in the corresponding potential energy surface (Figure 3, see Section 3 and the Supplementary Materials for further details). The structure of hydride H can be related to that of the gold cluster [AuMoMnCp(μ-PPh2)(CO)5{P(p-C6H4Me)3}] [13] and indeed it displays a strongly puckered MoPMnH central ring (P–Mo–Mn–H = 108.5o) and a short Mn–Mo distance of 2.796 Å, as expected for an unsaturated species (cf. 2.705(1) Å in the above gold cluster), well below the distance of 3.088(1) Å measured in the saturated complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)6] [18]. We note that B3LYP-DFT computed distances involving metal atoms usually are overestimated (by ca. 0.05 Å) when compared to distances measured by X-ray diffraction [25,26].
Although there is considerable orbital mixing, the double bond formulated for hydride H still can be visualized as made up from the expected σ component (HOMO−5) and a closed tricentric MoHMn interaction (HOMO−12, here mixed with M–P bonding) which is derived from interaction of the π (Mo–Mn) bonding orbital in the parent anion 1 with the s orbital of hydrogen. Thus, rather than a conventional double bond made up of σ and π components, the double Mo=Mn bond in H is made up of a bicentric σ Mo–Mn interaction and a closed tricentric MoHMn interaction, in a way comparable to that recently described by us for the homometallic hydride [W2Cp2(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(NO)2] [27]. Similar tricentric MHM interactions are also present in the 30-electron complexes [M2Cp(μ-H)(μ-PCy2)(CO)2] complexes (M = Mo, W) [28,29,30]. Analysis of the electron density at the intermetallic region, under the Atoms in Molecules (AIM) framework [31], also supports the presence of substantial multiplicity in the intermetallic bond of hydride H. Thus, although a bond critical point was not strictly located, the minimum electron density at the intermetallic axis was found to be 0.284 eÅ−3, a figure substantially higher than the corresponding value computed by us at the same level for the electron-precise anion [MoMnCp(μ-PPh2)(CO)6]− (0.204 eÅ−3) and only a bit below the value of 0.319 eÅ−3 computed at the intermetallic bond critical point in the unsaturated anion 1 [13]. In agreement with the above considerations, the intermetallic Mayer bond index in hydride H (0.43) is found to be lower than the one in the unsaturated anion 1 (0.56) but larger than the one computed for [MoMnCp(μ-PPh2)(CO)6]− (0.37) at the same level.
Finally, as concerning the reactivity of hydride H, we note that its LUMO orbital has π*(Mo–Mn) character (Figure 3) and its spatial distribution is suited for incorporation of a generic donor at the pocket region of the puckered MPMnH ring of the molecule, so the latter should take place in a position anti with respect to the Cp ring and should reduce the strength of the intermetallic bond, as observed in the formation of the ammonia complex 2. In the case of ammonia, however, this addition process is only moderately favoured, since the computed Gibbs free energy for the gas-phase reaction H + NH3 → 2 is only −41 kJ/mol at 295 K. From this it can be concluded that the reverse process, that is, ammonia dissociation from 2, should be easily affordable at room temperature, in agreement with the low stability of 2 observed experimentally. Moreover, such an easy dissociation should enable 2 to behave as a synthetic equivalent of the unsaturated hydride H, when faced to molecules having donor properties better than those of ammonia, as confirmed through the experiments discussed in the next sections.

2.3. Reaction of 2 with Isocyanides

Compound 2 reacts readily with aryl isocyanides at room temperature or below to give the corresponding derivatives [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(CNR)] in high yield [R = Xyl (3a), p-C6H4OMe (3b)], these following from displacement of the ammonia molecule by the isocyanide ligand, with retention of stereochemistry (Scheme 3). In agreement with this, the overall process 2 + CNXyl → 3a + NH3 was computed to be strongly favoured in the gas phase (∆G = −370 kJ/mol at 295 K). A similar complex was prepared previously by Mays et al. upon photolysis of [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)6] in the presence of CNCH2Ph. The yield of this product, however, was much lower (23%) because of the competitive formation of double-substitution products [17]. This provides a clear example of the synthetic advantages of using precursors reactive enough at room temperature or below, when compared to the use of precursors being only reactive upon thermal or photochemical activation.
The structure of compound 3a has been confirmed through an X-ray diffraction study. The molecule can be derived from that of the ammonia precursor 2 by just replacing the NH3 ligand with a CNXyl molecule, which is coordinated to the Mn atom in a conventional linear fashion (Mn–C6 = 1.919(3) Å, C6–N–C7 = 179.6(3)°) and positioned anti with respect to the Cp ligand (Figure 2 and Table 1). The precision of the geometrical parameters here is much higher than was in 2, so the location of the hydride ligand now is more reliable, it being found closer to the lighter Mn atom as expected (1.74(3) vs. 1.83(3) Å). These values compare well with those determined for the phosphinocyclopentadienyl-bridged complex [MoMn(μ-η5:κ1-C5H4PPh2)(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5] (1.76(3) and 1.83(3) Å) [32]. The same comment applies to the bridging PPh2 ligand, with the difference in the M–P distances (2.2816(7) vs. 2.4405(6) Å) now almost matching the 0.15 Å difference in the covalent radii of Mo and Mn [19]. We also note that the central MoPMnH ring (P–Mo–Mn–H = 156°) in 3a is a bit more puckered than was in 2 (experimental 175°, computed 165°, see the Supplementary Materials). This likely has a steric origin, since such as distortion displaces the bulky Xyl group away from the crowded dimetal centre (Mo–Mn–C6 ca. 98°). The puckering of the central ring of 3a also enables a closer approach of the metal atoms to each other, which now display a slightly shorter intermetallic separation (3.0770(4) vs. 3.087(3) Å in 2).
Spectroscopic data in solution for compounds 3a and 3b are similar to each other and consistent with the structure found for 3a in the solid state. Their IR spectra display a high-frequency C–N stretch above 2100 cm−1, as expected for linear isocyanides, and four C–O stretches in the range 2010–1870 cm−1. The high intensity of the most energetic C–O stretch in each case (at ca. 2010 cm−1) again denotes the facial arrangement of the three carbonyls bound to manganese, as found for 2. The P–C couplings observed for the carbonyl resonances in the 13C NMR spectrum of 3a also are consistent with its solid-state structure, with the Mo-bound carbonyl cis to the P atom displaying a P–C coupling larger than the one positioned trans to it (JCP = 24 and ca. 0 Hz, respectively), while the reverse holds for carbonyls bound to the octahedral manganese centre, with the inequivalent carbonyls cis to P displaying a negligible coupling, while the one positioned trans to the P ligand (δC 213.9 ppm) displays a measurable coupling of 17 Hz. We recall here that a general trend established for 2JXY in complexes of the type [MCpXYL2] is that |Jcis| > |Jtrans| [24,33].

2.4. Reaction of 2 with P(OMe)3

Compound 2 reacts rapidly with a slight excess P(OMe)3 at room temperature to give the corresponding phosphite complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5{P(OMe)3}] (4) as a sole product, which is isolated in 83% yield after conventional workup (Scheme 3). This complex was previously prepared by Mays et al. in moderate yield (23%) upon photolysis of [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)6] in the presence of P(OMe)3 [17]. Although the 31P NMR and IR data reported for this product are identical to those recorded for 4 by us (Table 2), the structure then proposed actually is not consistent with the IR spectrum of this product. Indeed, this complex was originally proposed to have the P(OMe)3 ligand positioned cis to the PPh2 bridge (as found for compounds 2 and 3). However, the IR spectrum of 4 is very different from those of 2 and 3 (Table 2 and Figure S2) in that the most energetic C–O stretching band (mainly arising from the symmetrical vibration of the Mn(CO)3 fragment) appears at a somewhat higher frequency (2030 cm−1 instead of ca. 2010 cm−1) and with weak intensity, the latter being a definitive indication of a meridional arrangement of the three CO ligands surrounding the manganese atom [22]. Having established this carbonyl arrangement, then the positioning of the P(OMe)3 ligand trans to the PPh2 group is deduced from the fact that the hydride resonance of 4 (δH −13.80 ppm) displays identical two-bond P–H couplings of 30 Hz to both P-donor ligands, which is indicative of a positioning of the hydride ligand cis to both P atoms.
The reaction of 2 with P(OMe)3, however, is likely initiated the same way as the one with isocyanides, to give an intermediate species F (undetected) analogous to complexes 2 and 3, that is, with the P(OMe)3 ligand positioned cis to the PPh2 bridge and anti with respect to the Cp ligand (Scheme 4). This intermediate would then rapidly rearrange into the final isomer 4, which is more favoured on steric grounds, as the P(OMe)3 ligand is thus placed away from the bulky PPh2 group. Under this view, we would expect that the related PPh3 complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(PPh3)], reported by Mays et al. using their photochemical route, would display a structure comparable to that of 4, with a transoid positioning of the PPh2 and PPh3 ligands and a meridional arrangement of carbonyls around the manganese atom. Interestingly, the IR spectrum reported for this product includes a symmetrical C–O stretch of medium intensity at a frequency higher than the one for the related CNCH2Ph complex (2027 (m) vs. 2015 (s) cm−1, in petroleum ether). This might be consistent with a structure for the PPh3 complex analogous to that of 4 and not to those of 2 and 3, as originally assumed [17].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Procedures and Starting Materials

All manipulations and reactions were carried out under an argon (99.995%) atmosphere using standard Schlenk techniques. Solvents were purified according to literature procedures and distilled prior to use [34]. Tetrahydrofuran solutions of compound Na[MoMnCp(μ-PPh2)(CO)5] (1-Na) were prepared in situ as described previously [13] and used without further purification. All other reagents were obtained from the usual commercial suppliers and used as received, unless otherwise stated. Petroleum ether refers to that fraction distilling in the range 338–343 K. Chromatographic separations were carried out using jacketed columns refrigerated by tap water (ca. 288 K). Aluminium oxide for chromatography (activity I, 70–290 mesh) was degassed under vacuum prior to use and then was mixed under argon with the appropriate amount of water to reach activity IV. IR (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) stretching frequencies of CO ligands were measured in solution or in Nujol mulls (using CaF2 windows in both cases) and are referred to as ν(CO)(solvent) or ν(CO)(Nujol), respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (Bruker, Hamburg, Germany) spectra were routinely recorded at 300.13 (1H), 121.49 (31P{1H}) or 100.63 MHz (13C{1H}), at 295 K unless otherwise stated. Chemical shifts (δ) are given in ppm, relative to internal tetramethylsilane (1H, 13C) or external 85% aqueous H3PO4 (31P). Coupling constants (J) are given in Hertz.

3.2. Preparation of [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(NH3)] (2)

A solution containing ca. 0.030 mmol of compound 1-Na in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL) was stirred with an excess (NH4)PF6 (ca. 0.040 g, 0.245 mmol) for 3 min to give a pale yellow solution. The solvent was then removed under vacuum and the residue was extracted with petroleum ether and filtered using a canula. Removal of the solvent under vacuum gave a yellow residue containing essentially pure compound 2, amenable to spectroscopic characterization and ready for further use. Unfortunately, all our attempts to isolate this complex as a pure solid material were unsuccessful due to its progressive decomposition upon manipulation, this preventing from obtaining a satisfactory elemental analysis for this compound. However, a few X-ray quality crystals could be obtained by the slow diffusion of a layer of petroleum ether into a concentrated toluene solution of the crude product at 253 K. ν(CO)(petroleum ether): 2009 (s), 1951 (vs), 1926 (s), 1907 (s), 1873 (m) cm−1. ν(NH)(Nujol): 3381, 3365, 3288 cm−1. ν(CO)(Nujol): 2000 (s), 1940 (vs), 1931 (sh, s), 1903 (s), 1871 (m) cm−1. 1H NMR (400.13 MHz, tol-d8, 213 K): δ 8.10-6.74 (m, 10H, Ph), 4.39 (s, 5H, Cp), −1.39 (s, 3H, NH3), −12.52 (d, JHP = 38, 1H, μ-H) (see Figure S4). 13C{1H} NMR (tol-d8, 213 K): δ 242.2 (d, JCP = 25, MoCO), 239.2 (s, MoCO), 224.0 (d, JCP = 15, MnCO), 223.8 (d, JCP = 15, MnCO), 219.8 (d, JCP = 16, MnCO), 141.3 [d, JCP = 36, C1(Ph)], 140.3 [d, JCP = 30, C1(Ph)], 135.0 [d, JCP = 8, 2C2(Ph)], 132.7 [d, JCP = 9, 2C3(Ph)], 132.0, 131.9 [2s, C4(Ph)], 91.7 (s, Cp).

3.3. Preparation of [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(CNXyl)] (3a)

A solution of CNXyl (120 μL of a 0.05 M solution in petroleum ether, 0.060 mmol; Xyl = 2,6-C6H3Me2) was added to a solution of compound 2 (ca. 0.025 g, 0.045 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL) at 273 K and the mixture was stirred at this temperature for 30 min to give an orange solution. The solvent was then removed under vacuum, the residue extracted with dichloromethane/petroleum ether (1:7) and the extracts chromatographed on alumina. Elution with dichloromethane/petroleum ether (1:5) gave an orange fraction yielding, after removal of solvents, compound 3a as an orange microcrystalline solid (0.020 g, 65%). The crystals used in the X-ray study were grown by the slow diffusion of a layer of petroleum ether into a concentrated dichloromethane solution of the complex at 253 K. Anal. Calcd. for C31H25MnMoNO5P: C, 55.29; H, 3.74; N, 2.08. Found: C, 54.93; H, 3.35; N, 2.21. ν(CO)(CH2Cl2): 2138 (w, C–N), 2009 (vs), 1951 (vs), 1931 (sh, m), 1871 (w), see Figure S2. 1H NMR (CD2Cl2): δ 8.14-6.76 (m, 13H, Ph and C6H3), 5.05 (s, 5H, Cp), 1.86 (s, 6H, Me), −13.62 (d, JHP = 36, 1H, μ-H). 13C{1H} NMR (CD2Cl2, 213 K): δ 243.4 (d, JCP = 24, MoCO), 236.7 (s, MoCO), 221.1 (s, MnCO), 220.5 (s, MnCO), 213.9 (d, JCP = 17, MnCO), 170.5 (s, CN), 140.1 [d, JCP = 30, C1(Ph)], 139.7 [d, JCP = 33, C1(Ph)], 134.5–125.9 (m, Ph and C6H3), 91.0 (s, Cp), 17.1 (s, Me).

3.4. Preparation of [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5{CN(p-C6H4OMe)}] (3b)

Neat CN(p-C6H4OMe) (0.030 g, 0.218 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 2 (ca. 0.025 g, 0.045 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 min to give an orange solution. The solvent was then removed under vacuum, the residue extracted with dichloromethane/petroleum ether (1:7) and the extracts chromatographed on alumina. Elution with the same solvent mixture gave an orange fraction yielding, after removal of solvents, compound 3b as an orange microcrystalline solid (0.022 g, 72%). Anal. Calcd. for C30H23MnMoNO6P: C, 53.35; H, 3.43; N, 2.07. Found: C, 52.97; H, 3.20; N, 2.35. ν(CO)(CH2Cl2): 2147 (w, C–N), 2010(s), 1949 (vs), 1933 (s, sh), 1870 (m). 1H NMR (C6D6): δ 8.25–6.04 (m, 14H, Ph and C6H4), 4.61 (s, 5H, Cp), 3.01 (s, 3H, OMe), −13.31 (d, JHP = 34, 1H, μ-H).

3.5. Preparation of [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5{P(OMe)3}] (4)

Neat P(OMe)3 (14 μL, 0.064 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 2 (ca. 0.025 g, 0.045 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min to give an orange solution. The solvent was then removed under vacuum, the residue extracted with petroleum ether and the extracts chromatographed on alumina. Elution with dichloromethane/petroleum ether (1:5) gave an orange fraction yielding, after removal of solvents, compound 4 as an orange microcrystalline solid (0.025 g, 83%). Anal. Calcd. for C25H25MnMoNO8P2: C, 45.07; H, 3.78. Found: C, 44.75; H, 3.47. ν(CO)(petroleum ether): 2033 (w), 1959 (vs), 1950 (sh, m), 1934 (m), 1883 (w). 1H NMR (C6D6): δ 8.22–6.76 (m, 10H, Ph), 4.68 (s, 5H, Cp), 3.48 (d, JHP = 11, 9H, OMe), −13.80 (t, JHP = 30, 1H, μ-H).

3.6. X-ray Structure Determination of Compounds 2 and 3a

Data collection for these compounds was performed at ca. 155 K on an Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur Nova single crystal diffractometer (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA), using Cu Kα radiation. Images were collected at a 62 mm fixed crystal-detector distance using the oscillation method, with 1.2° (2) or 1.1° (3a) oscillation and variable exposure time per image. Data collection strategy was calculated with the program CrysAlis Pro CCD [35] and data reduction and cell refinement was performed with the program CrysAlis Pro RED [35]. An empirical absorption correction was applied using the SCALE3 ABSPACK algorithm as implemented in the program CrysAlis Pro RED. Using the program suite WINGX [36], the structures were solved by Patterson interpretation and phase expansion using SHELXL2016 [37,38] and refined with full-matrix least squares on F2 using SHELXL2016. In general, the positional parameters and anisotropic temperature factors for all non-H atoms were refined anisotropically and hydrogen atoms were geometrically placed and refined using a riding model. In the case of 3a, the hydride atom H(1) was located in the Fourier maps and refined isotropically. In the case of compound 2, the quality of the diffraction data was poor and a fully satisfactory model could not be achieved, although the main structural features of the complex could be firmly established. In that case, the complex crystallized with a disordered toluene molecule which could be modelled over two positions with 0.7/0.3 occupancies, along with some restraints and SIMU and DELU instructions. For the molecule of the complex, a fully anisotropic model was attempted but, due to the poor quality of the diffraction data, not all the positional parameters and anisotropic temperature factors for non-H atoms could be refined anisotropically. Two carbon atoms of the cyclopentadienyl ligand had to be refined anisotropically in combination with the instructions DELU and SIMU and two carbon atoms of carbonyl ligands were refined isotropically to prevent their temperature factors from becoming non-positive definite. All hydrogen atoms were geometrically placed and refined using a riding model, except for the hydride ligand and the ammonia hydrogen atoms, which were located in the Fourier maps: the hydride atom was refined isotropically and the ammonia H atoms were refined riding on their parent atom with some restraints on the N–H distances. After convergence, some large residual electron density peaks remained in the difference maps and the overall agreement factors were very poor (R1 ca. 0.24) (Table 3). CCDC-1871692 and 1871693 contain the full crystallographic data for compounds 2 and 3a. These data can be obtained free of charge via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html (or from the CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: +44-1223-336033; E-mail: [email protected]).

3.7. Computational Details

All DFT calculations were carried out using the GAUSSIAN03 package [39], in which the hybrid method B3LYP was used with the Becke three-parameter exchange functional [40] and the Lee-Yang-Parr correlation functional [41]. Inclusion of the empirical dispersion correction developed by Grimme (B3LYP-D) [42], gave essentially the same results (see the Supplementary Materials). A pruned numerical integration grid (99,590) was used for all the calculations via the keyword Int=Ultrafine. Effective core potentials and their associated double-ζ LANL2DZ basis set were used for Mo and Mn atoms [43]. The light elements (P, N, O, C and H) were described with the 6-31G* basis [44,45,46]. Geometry optimizations were performed under no symmetry restrictions, using initial coordinates derived from the X-ray data of closely related compounds and frequency analyses were performed for all the stationary points to ensure that a minimum structure with no imaginary frequencies was achieved. Molecular orbitals and vibrational modes were visualized using the MOLEKEL program [47] and the topological analysis of the electron density was carried out with the MultiWFN program [48].

4. Conclusions

According to DFT calculations, the ammonia ligand in the title complex is weakly coordinated to the manganese atom, so it can dissociate easily at room temperature. The latter event renders the unsaturated hydride complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5] (H), with a geometric and electronic structure that enables it to add any donor molecule at the site formerly occupied by the ammonia ligand. As a result of all of this, the ammonia complex effectively behaves as a synthetic equivalent of the unsaturated hydride H and therefore can be viewed as a sort of trapped form of H. From the results of reactions analysed so far, it can be concluded that reactions of the ammonia complex with simple donor ligands likely will take place initially with retention of stereochemistry but further migration of the entering molecule to a position trans to the PPh2 bridging ligand is expected for bulky donor molecules.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/6/4/125/s1: A PDF file containing: Figure S1: Structure of compound H. Table S1: Geometry of H. Table S2: Selected molecular orbitals for H. Figure S2: IR spectra for compounds 3a and 4. Figure S3: IR spectrum of compound 2. Figure S4: 1H NMR spectrum of compound 2. An XYZ file containing the Cartesian coordinates of all computed species, a CIF file containing full crystallographic data for compounds 2 and 3a, and the corresponding checkcif file.

Author Contributions

D.G.-V. and M.A.R. designed the experiments and wrote the paper; E.H. performed the experimental work; M.A.A. carried out the crystal structure determinations; D.G.-V. performed the theoretical computations.

Funding

This research was funded by the MINECO of Spain and FEDER (Project CTQ2015-63726-P and a grant to E.H.) and the Consejería de Educación of Asturias (Project GRUPIN14-011).

Acknowledgments

We also thank the X-Ray unit of the Universidad de Oviedo for the acquisition of diffraction data and the SCBI of the Universidad de Málaga, Spain, for access to computing facilities.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Inorganics 06 00125 g001 550
Figure 1. Structure of hydride complexes 2 and H.
Figure 1. Structure of hydride complexes 2 and H.
Inorganics 06 00125 g001
Inorganics 06 00125 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Formation and decomposition of compound 2.
Scheme 1. Formation and decomposition of compound 2.
Inorganics 06 00125 sch001
Inorganics 06 00125 g002 550
Figure 2. ORTEP drawing (30% probability) of compounds 2 (left) and 3a (right), with aryl rings (except their C1 atoms) and most H atoms omitted.
Figure 2. ORTEP drawing (30% probability) of compounds 2 (left) and 3a (right), with aryl rings (except their C1 atoms) and most H atoms omitted.
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Inorganics 06 00125 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Mechanism of formation of compound 2.
Scheme 2. Mechanism of formation of compound 2.
Inorganics 06 00125 sch002
Inorganics 06 00125 g003 550
Figure 3. B3LYP-DFT computed structure of the unsaturated hydride H (upper left, with Ph rings and most H atoms omitted) along with the corresponding LUMO (upper right, −2.25 eV), HOMO−5 (lower left, −6.82 eV) and HOMO−12 orbitals (−8.74 eV).
Figure 3. B3LYP-DFT computed structure of the unsaturated hydride H (upper left, with Ph rings and most H atoms omitted) along with the corresponding LUMO (upper right, −2.25 eV), HOMO−5 (lower left, −6.82 eV) and HOMO−12 orbitals (−8.74 eV).
Inorganics 06 00125 g003
Inorganics 06 00125 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Reactions of compound 2 with isocyanides and P(OMe)3 (R = Xyl, 4-pC6H4OMe).
Scheme 3. Reactions of compound 2 with isocyanides and P(OMe)3 (R = Xyl, 4-pC6H4OMe).
Inorganics 06 00125 sch003
Inorganics 06 00125 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Proposed reaction pathway in the formation of compound 4.
Scheme 4. Proposed reaction pathway in the formation of compound 4.
Inorganics 06 00125 sch004
Table
Table 1. Selected Bond distances (Å) and Angles (o) for Compounds 2 and 3a.
Table 1. Selected Bond distances (Å) and Angles (o) for Compounds 2 and 3a.
Parameter23aParameter23a
Mo Mn3.087(3)3.0770(4)P Mo C173.1(7)78.7(1)
Mo P2.446(4)2.4405(6)P Mo C2105.3(6)111.1(1)
Mn P2.277(5)2.2816(7)P Mn C398.1(7)101.1(1)
Mo H1.56(1)1.83(3)P Mn C4165.5(9)161.5(1)
Mn H1.82(1)1.74(3)P Mn C589.0(7)91.7(1)
Mo C11.91(2)1.973(3)P Mn N1/C690.5(4)88.0(1)
Mo C21.95(3)1.962(3)Mo P Mn81.5(2)81.25(2)
Mn C31.78(2)1.793(3)C6 N6 C7-179.6(3)
Mn C41.84(3)1.819(3)Mo Mn N/C692.9(5)97.9(1)
Mn C51.80(2)1.827(3)---
Mn N1/C62.10(2)1.919(3)---
Table
Table 2. Selected IR 1, and 31P{1H} Data 2 for New Compounds.
Table 2. Selected IR 1, and 31P{1H} Data 2 for New Compounds.
Compoundν(CO)δ(P)
Na[MoMnCp(μ-PPh2)(CO)5] (1-Na) 31968 (s), 1881 (vs)
1864 (s, sh), 1804 (w)		131.3
[MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(NH3)] (2)2001 (s), 1944 (vs), 1915 (s), 1893 (m), 1866 (m) 4161.4 5
[MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(CNXyl)] (3a)2009 (s), 1951 (vs)
1931 (m, sh), 1871 (w)		160.9 6
[MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5{CN(p-C6H4OMe)}] (3b)2010 (s), 1949 (vs)
1933 (s, sh), 1870 (m)		160.9
[MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5{P(OMe)3}] (4)2030 (w), 1951 (vs)
1925 (m, sh), 1869 (m)		191.81
63.9 (μ-P)
1 Recorded in dichloromethane solution, with C–O stretching bands [ν(CO)] in cm−1. 2 Recorded in benzene-d6 solution at 121.49 MHz and 293 K, with chemical shifts (δ) in ppm. 3 Data taken from reference 13, recorded in tetrahydrofuran. 4 In tetrahydrofuran solution; ν(NH): 3381, 3365, 3288 cm−1 in Nujol mull. 5 In toluene-d8, at 213 K. 6 In CD2Cl2 solution.
Table
Table 3. Crystal Data for New Compounds.
Table 3. Crystal Data for New Compounds.
Parameter2·C7H83a
mol formulaC29H27MnMoNO5PC31H25MnMoNO5P
mol wt651.37673.37
cryst systmonoclinictriclinic
space groupP21/cP 1
radiation (λ, Å)1.541841.54184
a, Å19.0906(14)10.9412(6)
b, Å8.5500(4)11.1757(6)
c, Å17.2528(11)11.9618(6)
α, deg9084.979(4)
β, deg100.240(6)78.905(5)
γ, deg9084.550(4)
V, Å32771.2(3)1425.22(13)
Z42
calcd density, g·cm−31.5611.569
absorp coeff, mm−18.2858.080
temperature, K154(5)156(5)
θ range (deg)4.71–69.413.76–69.69
index ranges (h; k; l)−22, 21; −10, 8; −20, 15−12, 13; −13, 13; −14, 12
no. of reflns collected12,35612,082
no. of indep reflns (Rint)5094(0.0912)5243(0.0320)
reflns with I > 2σ(I)42754743
R indexes [data with I > 2σ(I)] aR1 = 0.2410, wR2 = 0.5368 bR1 = 0.0276, wR2 = 0.0721 c
R indexes (all data) aR1 = 0.2510, wR2 = 0.5492 bR1 = 0.0316, wR2 = 0.0752 c
GOF2.3901.058
no. of restraints/params24/3050/367
∆ρ(max./min.), eÅ−310.949/−3.3250.480/−0.662
CCDC deposition no18716921871693
a R = ∑||Fo| − |Fc||/∑|Fo|. wR = [∑w(|Fo|2 − |Fc|2)2/∑w|Fo|2]1/2. w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (aP)2 + bP] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3. b a = 0.2000, b = 0.0000. c a = 0.0423, b = 0.0966.

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Alvarez, M.A.; García-Vivó, D.; Huergo, E.; Ruiz, M.A. Trapping of an Heterometallic Unsaturated Hydride: Structure and Properties of the Ammonia Complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(NH3)]. Inorganics 2018, 6, 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6040125

AMA Style

Alvarez MA, García-Vivó D, Huergo E, Ruiz MA. Trapping of an Heterometallic Unsaturated Hydride: Structure and Properties of the Ammonia Complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(NH3)]. Inorganics. 2018; 6(4):125. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6040125

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alvarez, M. Angeles, Daniel García-Vivó, Estefanía Huergo, and Miguel A. Ruiz. 2018. "Trapping of an Heterometallic Unsaturated Hydride: Structure and Properties of the Ammonia Complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(NH3)]" Inorganics 6, no. 4: 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6040125

APA Style

Alvarez, M. A., García-Vivó, D., Huergo, E., & Ruiz, M. A. (2018). Trapping of an Heterometallic Unsaturated Hydride: Structure and Properties of the Ammonia Complex [MoMnCp(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)5(NH3)]. Inorganics, 6(4), 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6040125

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