Humoral and Cellular Immunity After Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Interferon Beta and Dimethyl Fumarate
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Patients Vaccination Status
2.3. Biochemical Analyses
2.4. Surveys
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Humoral Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2
3.2. Analysis of Cellular Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2
3.3. Questionnaire Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Count | Mean Age | Female | Male |
---|---|---|---|---|
Study group (DMF + IFN) | 72 | 43.14 ± 2.79 (95%) 1 | 72.22%(n = 52) | 27.78% (n = 20) |
DMF | 48 (66.67%) | 40.4 ± 3.13 (95%) 1 | 70.83% (n = 34) | 29.19% (n = 14) |
IFN | 24 (33.33%) | 48.63 ± 4.88 (95%) 1 | 75% (n = 18) | 25% (n = 6) |
Control Group | 28 | 44.57 ± 4.3 (95%) 1 | 85.71% (n = 24) | 14.29% (n = 4) |
Group | Time from Last Vaccination to Blood Sample Collection (Days) |
---|---|
Study group (DMF + IFN) | 320.54 (321; 180.5; 436.5) 1 |
DMF | 320.56 (282; 180.5; 466.5) 1 |
IFN | 320.5 (344.5; 197.5; 385.5) 1 |
Control Group | 316.29 (262; 184; 440) 1 |
Vaccination | Study Group | Control Group (n = 28) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
DMF (n = 48) | IFN (n = 24) | |||
1st dose | BNT162b2 | 79.17% (n = 38) | 79.17% (n = 19) | 96.43% (n = 27) |
mRNA-1273 | 12.5% (n = 6) | 20.83% (n = 5) | 3.57% (n = 1) | |
Ad26.COV2.S | 4.17% (n = 2) | - | - | |
NVX-CoV2373 | 2.08% (n = 1) | - | - | |
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 | 2.08% (n = 1) | - | - | |
2nd dose | BNT162b2 | 79.17% (n = 38) | 79.17% (n = 19) | 96.43% (n = 27) |
mRNA-1273 | 12.5% (n = 6) | 20.83% (n = 5) | 3.57% (n = 1) | |
NVX-CoV2373 | 2.08% (n = 1) | - | - | |
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 | 2.08% (n = 1) | - | - | |
3rd dose | BNT162b2 | 60.42% (n = 29) | 58.33% (n = 14) | 74.07 % (n = 20) |
mRNA-1273 | - | 3.6% (n = 1) | 3.57% (n = 1) |
Group | Time from Last Vaccination to Sample Collection (Days) | Number of Patients | Mean [AU/mL] | Median [AU/mL] | p-Value 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DMF | <200 | 15 | 29,840.93 | 22,624.6 (6525.9; 37,955.5) 2 | p = 0.0013 |
>200 | 33 | 8990.37 | 3886.9 (1224.5; 12,550.25) 2 | ||
IFN | <200 | 6 | 61,966.05 | 29,769.2 (12,005.2; 76,249.6) 2 | p = 0.0027 |
>200 | 18 | 9278.12 | 3203.8 (981.7; 10,146.2) 2 | ||
Control | <200 | 9 | 32,029.68 | 27,298 (8043.6; 62,862.6) 2 | p = 0.2281 |
>200 | 19 | 16,319.34 | 9544.9 (3145.7; 31,571.1) 2 |
Groups Studied | Percentage of Negative Results | Mean | Median |
---|---|---|---|
DMF | 50% (n = 24) | 2.46 | 1.1 (0.13; 4.0) |
IFN | 66.67% (n = 16) | 2.17 | 0.64 (0.1; 2.88) |
DMF + IFN | 55.56% (n = 40) | 2.36 | 0.87 (0.12; 3.68) |
Control | 57.14% (n = 16) | 1.82 | 0.74 (0.17; 2.74) |
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Bazylewicz, M.; Zajkowska, M.; Gudowska-Sawczuk, M.; Kułakowski, R.; Mroczko, J.; Mirowska-Guzel, D.; Kulikowska-Łoś, J.; Czarnowska, A.; Mroczko, B.; Kochanowicz, J.; et al. Humoral and Cellular Immunity After Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Interferon Beta and Dimethyl Fumarate. Biomedicines 2025, 13, 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010153
Bazylewicz M, Zajkowska M, Gudowska-Sawczuk M, Kułakowski R, Mroczko J, Mirowska-Guzel D, Kulikowska-Łoś J, Czarnowska A, Mroczko B, Kochanowicz J, et al. Humoral and Cellular Immunity After Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Interferon Beta and Dimethyl Fumarate. Biomedicines. 2025; 13(1):153. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010153
Chicago/Turabian StyleBazylewicz, Marcin, Monika Zajkowska, Monika Gudowska-Sawczuk, Rafał Kułakowski, Jan Mroczko, Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel, Joanna Kulikowska-Łoś, Agata Czarnowska, Barbara Mroczko, Jan Kochanowicz, and et al. 2025. "Humoral and Cellular Immunity After Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Interferon Beta and Dimethyl Fumarate" Biomedicines 13, no. 1: 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010153
APA StyleBazylewicz, M., Zajkowska, M., Gudowska-Sawczuk, M., Kułakowski, R., Mroczko, J., Mirowska-Guzel, D., Kulikowska-Łoś, J., Czarnowska, A., Mroczko, B., Kochanowicz, J., & Kułakowska, A. (2025). Humoral and Cellular Immunity After Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Interferon Beta and Dimethyl Fumarate. Biomedicines, 13(1), 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010153