Plants-Derived Biomolecules as Potent Antiviral Phytomedicines: New Insights on Ethnobotanical Evidences against Coronaviruses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV Infections
2.1. Bupleurum Species
2.2. Lycoris radiate (L’Hér.) Herb.
2.3. Artemisia annua L.
2.4. Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw.
2.5. Isatis indigotica Fortune ex Lindl.
2.6. Torreya nucifera L.
2.7. Houttuynia cordata Thunb.
2.8. Lindera aggregate (Sims) Kosterm.
3. Known Medicinal Plants Acting on ACE-2 Receptor
3.1. Rheum palmatum L.
3.2. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb
3.3. Cerasus avium (L.) Moench
3.4. Alcea digitata (Boiss.) Alef
3.5. Citrus aurantium L.
3.6. Rubia tinctorum L.
3.7. Allium sativum L.
3.8. Quercus infectoria G. Olivier
3.9. Onopordum acanthium L.
3.10. Berberis integerrima Bunge
3.11. Crataegus microphylla C. Koch
3.12. Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud.
3.13. Psoralea corylifolia L.
3.14. Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.
3.15. Tribulus terrestris L.
4. Other Medicinal Plants in Use against Various Viral Infections and Possibility for the Therapeutic Strategy against COVID-19
4.1. Sambucus nigra L.
4.2. Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.
4.3. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge
4.4. Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd.
4.5. Ocimum sanctum L.
4.6. Ocimum basilicum L.
4.7. Theobroma cacao L.
4.8. Pelargonium sidoides DC.
4.9. Taraxacum officinale (L.) WEB. ex WIGG.
4.10. Illicium oligandrum Merr & Chun
4.11. Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
4.12. Angelica keiskei (Miq.) Koidz.
4.13. Polygala karensium Kurz
4.14. Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.
4.15. Cimicifuga foetida L.
4.16. Boerhavia diffusa L.
4.17. Terminalia chebula Retz
4.18. Caesalpinia sappan L.
5. Plant-Based Antiviral Drug Discoveries and Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Botanical Name and Vegetal Part Use for Medicinal Purpose | Picture | Bioactive Compounds | Biological Activities | Therapeutic Effect against Diseases | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medicinal Plants Against Coronavirus Related Infections | |||||
Bupleurum species (Root) | SSa, SSb2, SSc and SSd | Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, neuro-modulation, immune-regulation | CoVs and Influenza virus | [32,34,35] | |
Lycoris radiate (L’Hér.) Herb. (Flower and stem cortex) | Lycorine | Antiviral effects, anticancer, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, induction of nausea and emesis | SARS-CoV-1, poliovirus, HIV, HSV and coxsackie virus | [41,42,43,44,71] | |
Artemisia annua L. (Whole plant) | Quercetin, flavonoid, polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols, saponins, polysaccharides, dicaffeoylquinic acid | Anti-malarial, antiviral, anticancer, bronchitis, haemorrhoids | SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, Poliovirus, HIV, RSV, HSV1, hepatitis C, type 2 dengue virus and human cytomegalovirus | [29,45,48,49,50,72] | |
Pyrrosia lingua(Thunb.) Farw. (Leaves) | Flavonoids, (mangiferin, isomangiferin, trifolin, astragalin), chlorogenic acid, mangiferin, isomangiferin, astragalin, and trifolin | Antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer | HIV, SARS-CoV-1 | [48,50,52,54,73] | |
Isatis indigotica Fortune ex Lindl. (Leaf and root) | Indigo, indirubin, indican, β-sitosterol, sinigrin, hesperetin, aloe-emodin | Antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial | SARS-CoV-1 3CLpro, HSV1, Influenza virus, coxsackie virus B3 | [48,55,57,58,74] | |
Torreya nucifera L. (Leaves) | Biflavonoid amentoflavone | Antiviral | SARS-CoV-1 3CLpro, stomachache, hemorrhoids, and rheumatoid arthritis | [48,59,61,75] | |
Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Leaves) | Volatile oils, organic acids, flavonoids cordarine, kalium sulfuricum, potassium, zinc, iron, copper, amino acid, vitamins and manganese | Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-oxidant, Immunomodulatory and anticancer | SARS-CoV-1 3CLpro and RdRp, cough, lung abscess, phlegm, dyspnea, pneumonia, refractory hemoptysis | [48,57,63,65,66,76] | |
Lindera aggregate (Sims) Kosterm. (Root) | Flavonoids, isoquinoline alkaloids, sesquiterpene lactones and tannins | Antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-diabetic | SARS-CoV-1, chest pain, inflammation, indigestion, cold hernia | [48,50,68,69,77] | |
Rheum palmatum L. (Root) | Emodin, physcion, chrysophanol, rhein, and aloe-emodin | Antiviral, anti-pyretic, anti-neoplastic, anti-pasmolytic, antibacterial, laxative, hemostatic, and anti-spasmodic | SARS-CoV-1 ACE2, laxative or astringent, stomachicum, hemorrhoids, liver bile disease or gastroenteritis | [78,79,80,81,82,83] | |
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (Root) | Polygonumosides A, B, C, and D, resveratrol, chrysophanol, polydatin, emodin-1,6-dimethyl ether, rhaponticoside, emodin, 2-acetylemodin, physcion, rhein, citreorosein, apigenin, fallacinol, tricin, rutin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, iso-orientin, hyperoside, vitexin, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, polygonflavanol A, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, phosphatidylethanolamine, hexanoic acid, copaene, eicosane, squalene, catechin, epicatechin, 3-O-galloyl-procyanidin B2, β-sitosterol, gallic acid, methyl gallate, daucosterol, and schizandrin | Anti-CoVs, antioxidant, immunomodulation, anti-hyperlipidemia, anticancer, hepato-protection, anti-inflammation, | SARS-CoV-1 ACE2, rubella, scrofula, waist and knee pain, paralysis, vaginal discharge, hypercholesterolemia (liver and kidney), malaria, neuro-protective | [78,84,85,86,87,88,89] | |
Cerasus avium (L.) Moench (Stem) | Polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals | Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral | SARS-CoV-1 ACE2, oxidative stress, tooth aches and mouth diseases | [78,90,91,92,93,94,95] | |
Alcea digitata (Boiss.) Alef (Flower) | Unknown | Antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-tussive, expectorant and laxative | SARS-CoV-1 ACE2, lung respiratory disorder, head and neck cancer and lubrication of throat | [91,92,96,97,98] | |
Citrus aurantium L. (Fruit) | Phenolics (flavanone glycosides, hydroxycinnamic acids), vitamin C, and carotenoids | Antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer | SARS-CoV-1 ACE2, anxiety, lung related disease, obesity, gastrointestinal disorder and prostate cancer | [91,92,99,100,101,102] | |
Rubia tinctorum L. (Root) | Anthraquinone, Alizarin and pseudopurpurin | Antiviral, antimicrobial | SARS-CoV-1 ACE2, kidney, bladder stone, menstrual and urinary disorder | [91,92,103,104,105] | |
Allium sativum L. (Cloves) | Alliin, allicin, ajoenes, vinyldithiins, and flavonoids | Antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer | SARS-CoV-1 ACE2, inflammation, cancer and bacterial infection | [91,92,94,106,107,108,109,110] | |
Quercus infectoria G. Olivier (Gall) | Phenolic compound (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechol, caffeine, pyrogallol, catechein, e-vanillic acid, 3-hydroxytyrosol cinnamic, p-Coumaric, gallic acids and resveratrol), flavonoid compounds | Antiviral, anti-fungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-parasitic, anti-venom | SARS-CoV-1 ACE2, diarrhea, menorrhagia, dysentery, gonorrhea, tonsillitis, impetigo and internal hemorrhages | [111,112,113,114,115] | |
Onopordum acanthium L. (Leaf, flower, stem and root) | Flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, lignans, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids, and sterols | Antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cardio-tonic agent | SARS-CoV-1 ACE2, cancer, treat nervousness | [113,116,117,118,119] | |
Berberis integerrim Bunge (Root) | Berbamine, berberuin, palmatine, oxyacanthine, malic acid, ascorbic acid, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, coumarin, beta carotene, and tannin | Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anticancer, antioxidant | SARS-CoV-1 ACE2, alleviate insomnia, bronchial diseases, and liver disorder | [113,120,121,122,123] | |
Crataegus microphylla C. Koch (Leaves, flower, stem and root) | Phenols, phenolic acids, procyanidins, flavonoids, triterpenes, polysaccharides, catecho-lamines | Antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic | SARS-CoV-1 ACE2, heart muscle cells activation, coronary dilation, regulated blood flow | [113,120,124,125,126,127] | |
Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. (Bark) | Hirsutenone, oregonin, rubranoside rubranoside B, rubranol, and hirsutanonol | Antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and induction of lymphatic and gastroenteric disorders. | SARS-CoV-PLpro fever, cancer, blood and lymphatic disorders, gastroenteric disorders | [128,129,130] | |
Psoralea corylifolia L. (Seed) | Neobavaisoflavone, isobavachalcone, Bavachinin, 40 –O-methyl bavachalcone, corylifol A and psoralidin | Antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-depressant activities | SARS-CoV-PLpro leukoderma, psoriasis, vitiligo, asthma, ulcers, kidney disorders | [131,132,133,134] | |
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. (Fruit) | Tomentin A, tomentin B, tomentin C, tomentin D, tomentin E, geranylated flavonones | Antiviral, antioxidant and antibacterial | SARS-CoV-PLpro inflammatory bronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection, asthma, tonsillitis, gonorrhea, traumatic bleeding, enteritis, bacteriological diarrhea, erysipelas, swelling, bronchopneumonia, conjunctivitis, and hemorrhoid | [135,136,137,138,139] | |
Tribulus terrestris L. (Fruit) | Flavonoid and alkaloids | Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic and anti-urolithic | SARS-CoV-PLpro hypertension, premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, vitiligo, and kidney | [140,141,142,143] | |
Angelica keiskei (Miq.) Koidz. (Leaves) | Chalcones, flavanones and coumarins, coumarins phenolic, acetylenes, sesquiterpene, diterpene, and triterpenes | Antiviral, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-coagulant, anti-obesity, anti-tumor, anti-mutagenic and hepato-protective | SARS-CoV-1 3CLpro, bacterial treatment, cancer and diabetes | [144,145,146,147,148] | |
Medicinal Plants against Other Viral Infections | |||||
Sambucus nigra L. (Leaf, flower and fruit) | Flavonoids, lectins, anthocyanin, peptic polysaccharides, polyphenolic compound | Antiviral, Immunomodulatory activity, anti-inflammatory | Common cold, HIV, HSV1, influenza, urinary tract infection, edema, rheumatic | [149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156] | |
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Leaf and root) | Phenols, lignans, coumarins, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, hyperin, rutin, afzelin, quercetin, kaempferol, phenolic acids, triterpenic acids, and anthocyanin | Antiviral, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidant | Influenza virus, chronic coughing, fatigue and infection, ischemic heart disease, diabetic, cancer, altitude sickness, neurodegenerative disorder | [101,149,157,158,159,160] | |
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Root) | Lipophilic diterpenoids, flavonoids, triterpenoids and hydrophilic phenolic compound | Antiviral | HIV, enterovirus removing blood stasis, improving blood circulation, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, angina pectoris, cardiovascular disease | [161,162,163,164,165] | |
Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd (Leaves) | Methyl 3,4,5 tri hydroxyl benzoate, ferulic acid, p -coumaroylquinic acid, isoferulic acid, p-coumaroyl glucoside, epicatechin-3-gallate, ascorbic acid, quercetin, oleic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and steroidal sapogenin aglycone | Antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antioxidant | HIV, influenza virus, Newcastle disease, vaccinia virus, bursal disease virus, skin disease | [149,166,167,168,169,170] | |
Ocimum sanctum L. (Leaves) | Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenols, anthocyanine, triterpenoids, | Antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-cataract, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-hypertensive, anti-carcinogenic, anti-pyretic, anti-allergic, immunomodulatory, anti-asthmatic, anti-tussive, anti-fertility, anti-ulcer, anti-emetic, anti-spasmodic, anti-arthritic, adaptogenic, anti-leukodermal, anti-coagulant activities | H9N2 influenza disease anxiety, cough, asthma, diarrhea, fever, skin disease, dysentery, arthritis, eye diseases, otalgia, indigestion, hiccups, vomiting, gastric, cardiac and genitourinary disorders, back pain, skin diseases, ringworm, insect, snake and scorpion bites, malaria and antioxidant | [167,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179] | |
Ocimum basilicum L. (Whole plant) | Phenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanins | Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial | HIV infection and bacterial infection | [149,180,181,182,183,184,185] | |
Theobroma cacao L. (Seed) | Polyphenol, theobromine and flavonoids (heobromine, lignin, dietary fiber, free fatty acid, minerals, zinc, copper, iron) | Antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | Influenza virus | [186,187,188,189,190] | |
Pelargonium sidoides DC (Root) | Methoxycoumarin, proanthocyanidins, EPs 7639 and prodelphinidins | Antiviral and antioxidant | Influenza virus, tuberculosis, respiratory disease, cough, gastrointestinal infection, viral disease | [191,192,193,194,195] | |
Taraxacum officinale (L.) WEB. ex WIGG. (Aerial part and root) | Terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, coumarins, phenols, saponins, flavones, flavonols, chalcones, phlobatannins, and cardiac glycosides | Antiviral, antibacterial, choleretic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepato-protective, diuretic and antifungal | HIV, influenza virus, kidney related disease, lung related disease, tumor of breast, diabetic, uterus related infection, digestive system related abnormality | [48,196,197,198,199,200,201,202] | |
Illicium oligandrum Merr and Chun (Root) | Sesquiterpene lactones, neolignan glycosides, phenolic diglycosides and prenylated compounds | Antiviral | HSV, coxsackie virus and influenza virus, rheumatoid arthritis, neurotoxic and neurotrophic effects. | [203,204,205,206,207] | |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Root) | Flavonoids, glycyrrhizic acid, triterpenoid, saponins | Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-tumorigenic and anti-ulcer | CoVs, HIV, influenza virus | [208,209,210,211,212,213] | |
Polygala karensium Kurz (Root) | Xanthones | Antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity activity | Influenza virus, cough, bronchitis, neurasthenia, inflammation and amnesia | [214,215,216,217] | |
Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess (Leaves) | Tricyclic coumarin | Antiviral, antibacterial, anti-protozoal and antifungal | HIV, parasitic diseases, bacterial and fungal disease | [218,219,220,221] | |
Cimicifuga foetida L. (Rhizomes) | Cimicifugin, cycloartane triterpenoids and glycosides | Antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory | Respiratory Syncytial Virus, fever, headache, sore throat, toothache, uterine prolapse and inflammation | [222,223,224,225,226] | |
Boerhavia diffusa L. (Leaf, stem and root) | Flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, hypoxanthine, steroids, lipids, lignins, ursolic acid, boeravinone, punarnavoside | Antiviral, anti-fibrinolytic, anti-convulsant, antibacterial, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-asthmatic and anti-nematodal activity | Hepatitis C virus, abdominal pain, jaundice, dyspepsia, release the stress, spleen enlargement, liver | [227,228,229,230,231] | |
Terminalia chebula Retz (Leaf, bark and fruit) | Flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenes, anthocyanins, glycosides, gallic acid, chebulagic acid, punicalagin, chebulanin, corilagin, neochebulinic acid, ellagic acid, chebulinic acid, alkaloids | Antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-protozoal, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anti-diabetic, reno-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-anaphylactic, anti-caries, anti-allergic, immunomodulatory, anti-ulcer, anti-spasmodic | Human cytomegalovirus, hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, irregular fevers, urinary diseases, diabetes, skin diseases, heart diseases, constipation, ulcers, vomiting, colic pain, hemorrhoids, digestive diseases | [232,233,234,235,236,237,238] | |
Caesalpinia sappan L. (Root) | Xanthone, sappanchalcone, coumarin, chalcones, flavones, homoisoflavonoids, and brazilin | Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-complementary | HIV, Influenza virus, tuberculosis, diarrhea, dysentery, skin infections and anemia | [219,239,240,241,242] |
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Siddiqui, A.J.; Danciu, C.; Ashraf, S.A.; Moin, A.; Singh, R.; Alreshidi, M.; Patel, M.; Jahan, S.; Kumar, S.; Alkhinjar, M.I.M.; et al. Plants-Derived Biomolecules as Potent Antiviral Phytomedicines: New Insights on Ethnobotanical Evidences against Coronaviruses. Plants 2020, 9, 1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091244
Siddiqui AJ, Danciu C, Ashraf SA, Moin A, Singh R, Alreshidi M, Patel M, Jahan S, Kumar S, Alkhinjar MIM, et al. Plants-Derived Biomolecules as Potent Antiviral Phytomedicines: New Insights on Ethnobotanical Evidences against Coronaviruses. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091244
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiddiqui, Arif Jamal, Corina Danciu, Syed Amir Ashraf, Afrasim Moin, Ritu Singh, Mousa Alreshidi, Mitesh Patel, Sadaf Jahan, Sanjeev Kumar, Mulfi I. M. Alkhinjar, and et al. 2020. "Plants-Derived Biomolecules as Potent Antiviral Phytomedicines: New Insights on Ethnobotanical Evidences against Coronaviruses" Plants 9, no. 9: 1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091244