On the Real Part of a Conformal Field Theory

Doron Gepner; Hervé Partouche

doi:10.3390/universe4090097

and

¹

Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel

²

Centre de Physique Théorique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, F-91128 Palaiseau CEDEX, France

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Universe2018, 4(9), 97;https://doi.org/10.3390/universe4090097

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Abstract

Every conformal field theory has the symmetry of taking each field to its adjoint. We consider here the quotient (orbifold) conformal field theory obtained by twisting with respect to this symmetry. A general method for computing such quotients is developed using the Coulomb gas representation. Examples of parafermions,

S U (2)

current algebra and the

N = 2

minimal models are described explicitly. The partition functions and the dimensions of the disordered fields are given. This result is a tool for finding new theories. For instance, it is of importance in analyzing the conformal field theories of exceptional holonomy manifolds.

Keywords:

conformal field theory; string theory

Conformal field theories enjoy several operations which result in different conformal field theories. Examples are toroidal orbifolds [1,2], and coset type models [3,4]. Every conformal field theory (CFT), C, contains the fields A in the Hilbert space along with their conjugate

A^{†}

. In general,

A \neq A^{†}

. Thus we may consider the quotient theory (abstract orbifold),

\tilde{C} = C / w, where w (A) = A^{†} .

(1)

From the point of view of CFT, this quotient is quite complicated since every field in the Hilbert space transforms independently, and is not organized by some characters of an extended algebra. We found, however, the following method to compute the partition function. Many, if not all, known rational conformal theories may be described by a system of free bosons moving on a Lorentzian lattice with a background charge. This is called the Coulomb gas method. By describing C as such a system, the quotient by w becomes a

Z_{2}

orbifold where some of the free bosons flip sign. This on the other hand is straightforward to compute. Thus, we derive the partition function of

\tilde{C}

in the cases of

Z_{k}

parafermions,

S U {(2)}_{k}

current algebra and kth

N = 2

minimal model, and leave to further work the consideration of other models.

The results described here for

N = 2

minimal models are of importance in the study of the conformal field theories of compactification of string theory on exceptional holonomy manifolds [5]. This is since these theories can be considered as the real part of string theories compactified on Calabi-Yau manifolds. Our main interest is the compactification to two dimensions from 10 dimensions on spin(7) holonomy manifolds [5]. It was shown by Figueroa-O’Farill [6] that the spin(7) algebra can be constructed from a four-dimensional Calabi-Yau algebra (which is the

N = 2

superconformal algebra) by a twist which is taking the conjugate of the fields in the algebra. In particular, for the minimal models compactification, this is taking the real part of a tensor product of minimal

N = 2

superconformal models at the central charge

c = 12

.

Thus, it behooves us to study the real part of minimal

N = 2

superconformal field theory, as this will give us solvable spin(7) compactifications. This is what is described in this note. Moreover, the case of the orbifold of parafermionic theories turns out to be useful to calculate string functions at level 2 [7].

The left right symmetric

Z_{k}

parafermion partition function is given by [8]

Z = \frac{{| η (τ) |}^{2}}{2} \sum_{l - m = 0 mod 2} {| c_{m}^{l} (τ) |}^{2},

(2)

where

l = 0, 1, \dots, k

and m is any integer modulo

2 k

. Our considerations below may easily be generalized for any modular invariant, but for simplicity we consider only the left right symmetric one. Here

η (τ)

is the Dedekind’s eta function,

η (τ) = e^{π i τ / 12} \prod_{n = 1}^{\infty} (1 - e^{2 n π i τ}),

(3)

and

c_{m}^{l} (τ)

is the so-called string function, which is a generating function for the

L_{0}

of the states in the representation of

S U {(2)}_{k}

current algebra which have isospin

l / 2

and

J_{3} = m / 2

,

c_{m}^{l} (τ) = q^{α} \underset{H_{m}^{l}}{Tr} q^{L_{0}},

(4)

where

α = \frac{l (l + 2)}{4 (k + 2)} - \frac{m^{2}}{4 k} - \frac{k}{8 (k + 2)},

(5)

is a factor which was originally added to ensure modular covariance [9], but is necessary to ensure that

η c_{m}^{l}

is the parafermion partition function [8]. Kac and Peterson [10] expressed

c_{m}^{l}

as Hecke indefinite modular forms,

c_{m}^{l} (τ) = η {(τ)}^{- 3} \sum_{\binom{- | x | < y \leq | x |}{(x, y) or (\frac{1}{2} - x, \frac{1}{2} + y) \in (\frac{l + 1}{2 (k + 2)}, \frac{m}{2 k}) + Z^{2}}} sign (x) e^{2 π i τ [(k + 2) x^{2} - k y^{2}]} .

(6)

As was noted in ref. [11], Equation (6) can be interpreted as the partition function of two bosons,

ϕ_{1}

and

ϕ_{2}

, (after multiplying by eta function) moving on a Lorentzian lattice of signature

(1, - 1)

whose stress tensor is,

T (z) = - \frac{1}{4} {(\partial ϕ_{1})}^{2} + \frac{1}{4} {(\partial ϕ_{2})}^{2} + \frac{i}{2 \sqrt{k + 2}} \partial^{2} ϕ_{1},

(7)

where we included a background charge to get the correct central charge. The parafermions can be written as,

\begin{matrix} ψ (z) & = \frac{1}{2} (\partial ϕ_{2} - \sqrt{\frac{k + 2}{k}} \partial ϕ_{1}) exp (i ϕ_{2} / \sqrt{k}), \\ ψ^{†} (z) & = \frac{1}{2} (\partial ϕ_{2} + \sqrt{\frac{k + 2}{k}} \partial ϕ_{1}) exp (- i ϕ_{2} / \sqrt{k}) . \end{matrix}

(8)

The lattice on which these bosons move is read from Equation (6) and is a rectangular one of dimensions

(\sqrt{k + 2}, \sqrt{k})

.

Similarly, for subsequent reference,

S U {(2)}_{k}

and the

N = 2

minimal models can be constructed using an additional free boson (the connection between parafermions and

S U {(2)}_{k}

was described in ref. [12], whereas the connection with

N = 2

was described in ref. [13]), with no background charge,

ϕ_{3}

,

T (z) = - \frac{1}{4} {(\partial ϕ_{1})}^{2} + \frac{1}{4} {(\partial ϕ_{2})}^{2} - \frac{1}{4} {(\partial ϕ_{3})}^{2} + \frac{i}{2 \sqrt{k + 2}} \partial^{2} ϕ_{1},

(9)

where

ϕ_{1, 2}

move on the same lattice as before and

ϕ_{3}

moves on a lattice of radius

\sqrt{k}

for

S U {(2)}_{k}

, and of radius

2 k (k + 2)

for the

N = 2

case.

The

S U {(2)}_{k}

currents,

J^{\pm}

and

J_{3}

, are given by

\begin{matrix} J^{+} (z) & = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{k} (\partial ϕ_{2} - \sqrt{\frac{k + 2}{k}} \partial ϕ_{1}) exp [\frac{i}{\sqrt{k}} (ϕ_{2} + ϕ_{3})], \\ J^{-} (z) & = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{k} (\partial ϕ_{2} + \sqrt{\frac{k + 2}{k}} \partial ϕ_{1}) exp [- \frac{i}{\sqrt{k}} (ϕ_{2} + ϕ_{3})], \\ J^{3} (z) & = \sqrt{k} \partial ϕ_{3} . \end{matrix}

(10)

Similarly, the currents for

N = 2

,

G^{\pm}

and J, are obtained by the same expressions with the rescaling of

ϕ_{3}

by a factor of

\sqrt{k + 2}

.

Now, it is clear from these expressions that the operation of taking

A \to A^{†}

is equivalent to taking

ϕ_{2} \to - ϕ_{2}

and

ϕ_{3} \to - ϕ_{3}

, i.e., it is a bosonic twist. We wish to compute the partition function, of the quotient by this bosonic twist. Since

ϕ_{2, 3}

do not have a background charge, this is almost a standard orbifold. Consider the parafermion case. We have four sectors

Z (δ_{1}, δ_{2})

, where

δ_{i} = 0, 1 mod 2

, describing the path integral on the torus with boundary condition

{(- 1)}^{δ_{1}}

(

{(- 1)}^{δ_{2}}

) in the time (space) directions.

Z (0, 0)

is the parafermionic partition function Z described before, Equation (2).

Z (1, 0)

is the partition function

Z (1, 0) = \underset{H}{Tr} {(- 1)}^{w} q^{L_{0} - c / 24} {\bar{q}}^{{\bar{L}}_{0} - c / 24},

(11)

where

w (A) = A^{†}

.

Z (1, 0)

receives contributions only from states that have zero momentum in the

ϕ_{2}

direction, since a state of momentum p,

A_{p}

, goes to

A_{- p}^{†}

which is different and we can form the pair of states,

A_{p} \pm A_{- p}^{†}

, which have the eigenvalues

\pm 1

of w, thus giving a net contribution zero to Equation (11). For

p = 0

we have only the contribution of the moments of

\partial ϕ_{2}

which gives

η (τ) η {(2 τ)}^{- 1}

by standard arguments. Thus,

Z (1, 0)

setting

y = 0

in Equation (6) and multiplying by the above prefactor, for the contribution from

H_{0}^{l}

sector (which imply that l is even) we get a contribution,

B^{l} (τ) = Y (1, 0) \sum_{n = - \infty}^{\infty} {(- 1)}^{n k} e^{2 (k + 2) π i τ {(n + \frac{l + 1}{2 (k + 2)})}^{2}}

(12)

for l even, and

B^{l} = 0

for l odd, where for the parafermions the prefactor is

Y (1, 0) = η {(2 τ)}^{- 1} .

(13)

Note that we changed some of the signs in Equation (11). This is required for modular invariance as we will see below. The full partition function

Z (1, 0)

is given by

Z (1, 0) = \sum_{\binom{l = 0}{l = 0 mod 2}}^{k} B_{l} B_{l}^{*} .

(14)

For

S U (2)

and

N = 2

we can do the same. The partition function of

S U {(2)}_{k}

is given by ref. [14]

Z = \sum_{l = 0}^{k} χ_{l} (τ, 0, 0) χ_{l}^{*} (τ, 0, 0),

(15)

where

χ_{l} (τ, z, u)

is the character of the affine

S U {(2)}_{k}

representation with isospin

l / 2

,

χ^{l} = \frac{Θ_{l + 1, k + 2} - Θ_{- l - 1, k + 2}}{Θ_{1, 2} - Θ_{- 1, 2}},

(16)

and where the level m classical theta function is defined by,

Θ_{n, m} (τ, z, u) = e^{2 π i u} \sum_{j \in n / (2 m) + Z} e^{2 π i τ m j^{2} + 2 π i j z},

(17)

where n is defined modulo

2 m

.

For the

N = 2

partition function we have [15]

Z = \sum_{l, m, s} {|χ_{m}^{l (s)} (τ, 0, 0)|}^{2},

(18)

where the sum is over

l = 0, 1, \dots, k

and m and s modulo

2 (k + 2)

and 4 respectively.

s = 0, 2

in the NS sector, and

s = 1, 3

in the Ramond sector. The

χ_{m}^{l (s)} (τ, z, u)

are the characters of the kth

N = 2

minimal model and are given by,

χ_{m}^{l (s)} (τ, z, u) = \sum_{j mod k} c_{m + 4 j - s}^{l} Θ_{2 m + (4 j - s) (k + 2), 2 k (k + 2)} (τ, 2 k z, u) .

(19)

Looking at the expressions for the characters in Equation (19), we see that again this is just the appropriate partition function for the appropriate system of bosons. Thus we get the contribution of the l representation by simply setting the momentum in the

ϕ_{2, 3}

directions to zero. We get the same answer as for the parafermions, Equation (12), with only a different prefactor to account for the extra boson,

Y (1, 0) = η (τ) η {(2 τ)}^{- 1} .

(20)

It is the same prefactor for

S U (2)

and

N = 2

.

We can get the partition function for the twisted sectors

Z (0, 1)

and

Z (1, 1)

by modular transformations. We have

Z (1, 0) (- 1 / τ) = Z (0, 1) (τ)

and

Z (1, 1) (τ) = Z (0, 1) (τ + 1)

. For consistency it is required that all partition functions would be invariant under

τ \to τ + 2

and

Z (1, 1) (- 1 / τ) = Z (1, 1) (τ)

. The total partition function is,

Z = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{δ_{1}, δ_{2} = 0, 1} Z (δ_{1}, δ_{2}) .

(21)

The partition function for the untwisted sector, namely fields invariant under

A \to A^{†}

, is

\frac{1}{2} (Z (0, 0) + Z (1, 0))

. Similarly, the partition function for the twisted sector, disorder fields, is

\frac{1}{2} (Z (0, 1) + Z (1, 1))

.

We can write the sum in the expression for

B_{l}

, Equation (12) as a theta function,

B_{l} / Y (1, 0) = Θ_{l + 1, k + 2} (τ, k / 2, 0),

(22)

where we used the definition, Equation (17). The theta functions transform nicely under modular transformations [9],

Θ_{n, m} (- \frac{1}{τ}, \frac{z}{τ}, u - \frac{z^{2}}{2 τ}) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 m}} {(- i τ)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \sum_{l mod 2 m} e^{- π i l n / m} Θ_{l, m} (τ, z, u) .

(23)

Using this, we find the partition function

Z (0, 1)

by calculating

Z (1, 0) (- 1 / τ)

. We find,

Z (0, 1) = {| Y (0, 1) |}^{2} \sum_{\binom{γ, \bar{γ} mod 2 (k + 2)}{γ - \bar{γ} = 0 mod k + 2}} e^{π i (γ - \bar{γ}) / (k + 2)} Θ_{γ + \frac{p}{2}, k + 2} (τ, 0, 0) Θ_{\bar{γ} + \frac{p}{2}, k + 2} {(τ, 0, 0)}^{*},

(24)

where

p = 0

or

p = 1

,

p = k mod 2

.

D_{γ} = Y (0, 1) (Θ_{γ + \frac{p}{2}, k + 2} - Θ_{γ + \frac{p}{2} + k + 2, k + 2}) / a

(25)

are the characters of the twisted sector, with respect to the appropriate extended chiral algebra. a is a numerical factor equal to

\sqrt{2}

for parafermions and

a = 2

for

N = 2

and

S U (2)

. The lowest dimension field in

D_{γ}

(‘primary fields’) are the disorder fields

A_{γ}

of dimension,

Δ_{γ} = \frac{{(γ + p / 2)}^{2}}{4 (k + 2)} + s + c / 24,

(26)

where

s = 0

for

S U (2)

and

N = 2

, and

s = - 1 / 48

for parafermions, c is the central charge and

γ

is defined modulo

k + 2

. Actually, for parafermions, the dimensions of these disorder fields were already calculated by Zamolodchikov [13], and our results agree in this case. The novelty here is that we obtained the characters, as well.

In terms of these, the partition function

Z (0, 1)

is left–right symmetric. The prefactor,

Y (0, 1)

, comes from the modular transform of the

Y (1, 0)

. We find,

\begin{matrix} Y (0, 1) & = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{η (τ / 2)}, for parafermions, \\ Y (0, 1) & = \frac{2 η (τ)}{η {(τ / 2)}^{2}}, for S U (2) and N = 2, \end{matrix}

(27)

where we used the well know transformation properties of the eta function, e.g., [9].

Author Contributions

Both authors contributed equally to this work.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

We thank CERN for the kind hospitality. H.P. would like to thank Weizmann Institute of Science for hospitality.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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On the Real Part of a Conformal Field Theory

Abstract

Author Contributions

Funding

Acknowledgments

Conflicts of Interest

References

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