Ad-Hoc Shallow Neural Network to Learn Hyper Filtered PhotoPlethysmoGraphic (PPG) Signal for Efficient Car-Driver Drowsiness Monitoring
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Hyper Filtering Layers
- We defined an action at as the sub-band frequency value between 0 Hz and cut-off frequency (frequency pass on Table 1) according to the type of filtering (low-pass or high-pass);
- We defined an Agent select the action at;
- We defined a next state St+1 as a set of pre-processed signals obtained collecting the value of each input PPG samples (in a windows of 5 sec sampling at 1 KHz as sampling frequency) of the filtered PPG raw signal at specific sub-band frequency of the action at;
- We define an environment Reward as R(.|st,at), i.e., a measure of drowsiness of the car driver. We defined as R(.|st,at) the distance of the output of the machine learning system (regression layer plus SoftMax classification as per Figure 6) with respect to the actual level of attention of the car-driver (confirmed by the analysis of the simultaneously acquired EEG signal, as described in the next sections of the paper)
2.2. The Machine Learning Block
3. Results
4. Discussion and Conclusions
5. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Frequency Pass (Hz) | Frequency Stop (Hz) | Passband Attenuation (dB) | Stopband Attenuation (dB) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low-pass | 3.8 | 7.21 | 0.001 | 100 |
High-pass | 1 | 0.3 | 0.01 | 40 |
Filter | Fc-pass-1 | Fc-pass-2 | Fc-pass-3 | Fc-pass-4 | Fc-pass-5 | Fc-pass-6 | Fc-pass-7 | Fc-pass-8 | Fc-pass-9 | Fc-pass-10 | Fc-pass-11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High-pass | 0.5 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
Low-pass | 1.00 | 1.34 | 2.09 | 2.321 | 3.09 | 3.44 | 4.2 | 4.23 | 5.2 | 5.52 | 6.87 |
Filter | Fc-pass-1 | Fc-pass-2 | Fc-pass-3 | Fc-pass-4 | Fc-pass-5 | Fc-pass-6 | Fc-pass-7 | Fc-pass-8 | Fc-pass-9 | Fc-pass-10 | Fc-pass-11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High-pass | 0.50 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.75 | 3.12 | 3.65 | 4.1 | 4.487 | 5.23 | 5.3 | 6.11 |
Low-pass | 7 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
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Rundo, F.; Spampinato, C.; Conoci, S. Ad-Hoc Shallow Neural Network to Learn Hyper Filtered PhotoPlethysmoGraphic (PPG) Signal for Efficient Car-Driver Drowsiness Monitoring. Electronics 2019, 8, 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080890
Rundo F, Spampinato C, Conoci S. Ad-Hoc Shallow Neural Network to Learn Hyper Filtered PhotoPlethysmoGraphic (PPG) Signal for Efficient Car-Driver Drowsiness Monitoring. Electronics. 2019; 8(8):890. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080890
Chicago/Turabian StyleRundo, Francesco, Concetto Spampinato, and Sabrina Conoci. 2019. "Ad-Hoc Shallow Neural Network to Learn Hyper Filtered PhotoPlethysmoGraphic (PPG) Signal for Efficient Car-Driver Drowsiness Monitoring" Electronics 8, no. 8: 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080890