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Volume 12
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Article

Evaluation of the Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Efficacy, Cytotoxicity, and GC/MS Profile of Pleopeltis crassinervata Active Subfractions

by
Jhony Anacleto-Santos
1,
Fernando Calzada
2,
Perla Yolanda López-Camacho
3,
Teresa de Jesús López-Pérez
1,
Elba Carrasco-Ramírez
1,
Brenda Casarrubias-Tabarez
4,
Teresa I. Fortoul
4,
Marcela Rojas-Lemus
4,
Nelly López-Valdés
4 and
Norma Rivera-Fernández
1,*
1
Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
2
Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Col. Doctores, Cuauhtémoc 06725, Mexico
3
Unidad Cuajimalpa, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Cuajimalpa 05348, Mexico
4
Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2023, 12(5), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050889
Submission received: 17 April 2023 / Revised: 5 May 2023 / Accepted: 9 May 2023 / Published: 10 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Antiprotozoal Drug Formulations and Treatments)
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Abstract

Pleopeltis crassinervata (Pc) is a fern that, according to ethnobotanical records, is used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal ailments. Recent reports indicate that the hexane fraction (Hf) obtained from Pc methanolic frond extract affects Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite viability in vitro; therefore, in the present study, the activity of different Pc hexane subfractions (Hsf) obtained by chromatographic methods was evaluated in the same biological model. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out for hexane subfraction number one (Hsf1), as it showed the highest anti-Toxoplasma activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 23.6 µg/mL, a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 398.7 µg/mL in Vero cells, and a selective index (SI) of 16.89. Eighteen compounds were identified by Hsf1 GC/MS analysis, with the majority being fatty acids and terpenes. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was the most commonly found compound (18.05%) followed by olean-13(18)-ene, 2,2,4a,8a,9,12b,14a-octamethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,12,12a,12b,13,14,14a,14b-eicosahydropicene, and 8-octadecenoid acid, methyl ester, which were detected at 16.19%, 12.53%, and 12.99%, respectively. Based on the mechanisms of action reported for these molecules, Hsf1 could exert its anti-Toxoplasma activity mainly on T. gondii lipidomes and membranes.
Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; Pleopeltis crassinervata; anti-Toxoplasma; terpenoids; fatty acids; gas chromatography Toxoplasma gondii; Pleopeltis crassinervata; anti-Toxoplasma; terpenoids; fatty acids; gas chromatography

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MDPI and ACS Style

Anacleto-Santos, J.; Calzada, F.; López-Camacho, P.Y.; López-Pérez, T.d.J.; Carrasco-Ramírez, E.; Casarrubias-Tabarez, B.; Fortoul, T.I.; Rojas-Lemus, M.; López-Valdés, N.; Rivera-Fernández, N. Evaluation of the Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Efficacy, Cytotoxicity, and GC/MS Profile of Pleopeltis crassinervata Active Subfractions. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050889

AMA Style

Anacleto-Santos J, Calzada F, López-Camacho PY, López-Pérez TdJ, Carrasco-Ramírez E, Casarrubias-Tabarez B, Fortoul TI, Rojas-Lemus M, López-Valdés N, Rivera-Fernández N. Evaluation of the Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Efficacy, Cytotoxicity, and GC/MS Profile of Pleopeltis crassinervata Active Subfractions. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(5):889. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050889

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anacleto-Santos, Jhony, Fernando Calzada, Perla Yolanda López-Camacho, Teresa de Jesús López-Pérez, Elba Carrasco-Ramírez, Brenda Casarrubias-Tabarez, Teresa I. Fortoul, Marcela Rojas-Lemus, Nelly López-Valdés, and Norma Rivera-Fernández. 2023. "Evaluation of the Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Efficacy, Cytotoxicity, and GC/MS Profile of Pleopeltis crassinervata Active Subfractions" Antibiotics 12, no. 5: 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050889

APA Style

Anacleto-Santos, J., Calzada, F., López-Camacho, P. Y., López-Pérez, T. d. J., Carrasco-Ramírez, E., Casarrubias-Tabarez, B., Fortoul, T. I., Rojas-Lemus, M., López-Valdés, N., & Rivera-Fernández, N. (2023). Evaluation of the Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Efficacy, Cytotoxicity, and GC/MS Profile of Pleopeltis crassinervata Active Subfractions. Antibiotics, 12(5), 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050889

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