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Biosensors
Volume 16
Issue 6
10.3390/bios16060318
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Article

Development of Laser-Scribed Graphene Electrodes for Label-Free L-Histidine Sensing in Artificial Sweat

by
William García-Rodríguez
1,*,
Karla Echeverría-Altamar
2,
José A. Lasalde-Ramirez
1 and
Pedro J. Resto-Irizarry
1,2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA
2
Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biosensors 2026, 16(6), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16060318
Submission received: 20 April 2026 / Revised: 26 May 2026 / Accepted: 28 May 2026 / Published: 2 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Sensors and Systems for Continuous Health Monitoring)
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Abstract

This study investigates the fabrication of laser-scribed graphene (LSG) electrodes on polyimide substrates using a CO2 laser cutter for label-free L-Histidine detection in artificial sweat. Two-level full factorial and central composite designs were employed to optimize critical manufacturing parameters, including laser speed, power, and electrode width. Electrochemical characterization using cyclic voltammetry with K3Fe[CN]6 demonstrated superior LSG electrode performance compared to standard glassy carbon electrodes, exhibiting a 702 ± 62% higher oxidation current peak at 0.56 mM K3Fe[CN]6 in 0.1 M KCl. We successfully demonstrated the label-free electrochemical detection of L-Histidine in artificial sweat using these LSG electrodes. The results show a linear relationship (R2 = 0.987) between current peak and L-Histidine concentration within the 8.3 mM to 50 mM range, demonstrating high sensitivity towards L-Histidine. These findings highlight the potential of this optimized LSG electrode fabrication approach for developing high-performance, user-friendly, and disposable wearable biosensors for real-time and non-invasive health monitoring applications in sweat analysis.
Keywords: LSG electrodes; factorial design; central composite design; L-Histidine LSG electrodes; factorial design; central composite design; L-Histidine

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MDPI and ACS Style

García-Rodríguez, W.; Echeverría-Altamar, K.; Lasalde-Ramirez, J.A.; Resto-Irizarry, P.J. Development of Laser-Scribed Graphene Electrodes for Label-Free L-Histidine Sensing in Artificial Sweat. Biosensors 2026, 16, 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16060318

AMA Style

García-Rodríguez W, Echeverría-Altamar K, Lasalde-Ramirez JA, Resto-Irizarry PJ. Development of Laser-Scribed Graphene Electrodes for Label-Free L-Histidine Sensing in Artificial Sweat. Biosensors. 2026; 16(6):318. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16060318

Chicago/Turabian Style

García-Rodríguez, William, Karla Echeverría-Altamar, José A. Lasalde-Ramirez, and Pedro J. Resto-Irizarry. 2026. "Development of Laser-Scribed Graphene Electrodes for Label-Free L-Histidine Sensing in Artificial Sweat" Biosensors 16, no. 6: 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16060318

APA Style

García-Rodríguez, W., Echeverría-Altamar, K., Lasalde-Ramirez, J. A., & Resto-Irizarry, P. J. (2026). Development of Laser-Scribed Graphene Electrodes for Label-Free L-Histidine Sensing in Artificial Sweat. Biosensors, 16(6), 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16060318

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