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Volume 13
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Article

In Vitro Biofouling Performance of Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes for Serotonin Detection Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry †

by
Bhavna Gupta
1,
Mason L. Perillo
2,
James R. Siegenthaler
3,4,
Isabelle E. Christensen
2,
Matthew P. Welch
2,
Robert Rechenberg
3,
G M Hasan Ul Banna
4,
Davit Galstyan
3,
Michael F. Becker
3,
Wen Li
2,3,4 and
Erin K. Purcell
1,2,4,*
1
Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
3
Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, Coatings and Diamond Technologies Division, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
4
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
This paper is an extended version of our paper published in: Gupta, B., Perillo, M.L., Christensen, I.E., Siegenthaler, J.R., Rechenberg, R., Becker, M.F., Li, W., Purcell, E.K. Waveform Development for Neurotransmitter Detection on Novel Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes. In Proceedings of the 2023 11th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER), Baltimore, MD, USA, 24–27 April 2023.
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060576
Submission received: 14 April 2023 / Revised: 10 May 2023 / Accepted: 23 May 2023 / Published: 25 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Neuroscience)
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Abstract

Neurotransmitter release is important to study in order to better understand neurological diseases and treatment approaches. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter known to play key roles in the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has enabled the detection of neurochemicals, including serotonin, on a sub-second timescale via the well-established carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME). However, poor chronic stability and biofouling, i.e., the adsorption of interferent proteins to the electrode surface upon implantation, pose challenges in the natural physiological environment. We have recently developed a uniquely designed, freestanding, all-diamond boron-doped diamond microelectrode (BDDME) for electrochemical measurements. Key potential advantages of the device include customizable electrode site layouts, a wider working potential window, improved stability, and resistance to biofouling. Here, we present a first report on the electrochemical behavior of the BDDME in comparison with CFME by investigating in vitro serotonin (5-HT) responses with varying FSCV waveform parameters and biofouling conditions. While the CFME delivered lower limits of detection, we also found that BDDMEs showed more sustained 5-HT responses to increasing or changing FSCV waveform-switching potential and frequency, as well as to higher analyte concentrations. Biofouling-induced current reductions were significantly less pronounced at the BDDME when using a “Jackson” waveform compared to CFMEs. These findings are important steps towards the development and optimization of the BDDME as a chronically implanted biosensor for in vivo neurotransmitter detection.
Keywords: biofouling; boron-doped diamond; fast-scan cyclic voltammetry; serotonin; carbon fiber; microelectrodes; neurotransmitter detection biofouling; boron-doped diamond; fast-scan cyclic voltammetry; serotonin; carbon fiber; microelectrodes; neurotransmitter detection

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gupta, B.; Perillo, M.L.; Siegenthaler, J.R.; Christensen, I.E.; Welch, M.P.; Rechenberg, R.; Banna, G.M.H.U.; Galstyan, D.; Becker, M.F.; Li, W.; et al. In Vitro Biofouling Performance of Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes for Serotonin Detection Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. Biosensors 2023, 13, 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060576

AMA Style

Gupta B, Perillo ML, Siegenthaler JR, Christensen IE, Welch MP, Rechenberg R, Banna GMHU, Galstyan D, Becker MF, Li W, et al. In Vitro Biofouling Performance of Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes for Serotonin Detection Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. Biosensors. 2023; 13(6):576. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060576

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gupta, Bhavna, Mason L. Perillo, James R. Siegenthaler, Isabelle E. Christensen, Matthew P. Welch, Robert Rechenberg, G M Hasan Ul Banna, Davit Galstyan, Michael F. Becker, Wen Li, and et al. 2023. "In Vitro Biofouling Performance of Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes for Serotonin Detection Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry" Biosensors 13, no. 6: 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060576

APA Style

Gupta, B., Perillo, M. L., Siegenthaler, J. R., Christensen, I. E., Welch, M. P., Rechenberg, R., Banna, G. M. H. U., Galstyan, D., Becker, M. F., Li, W., & Purcell, E. K. (2023). In Vitro Biofouling Performance of Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes for Serotonin Detection Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. Biosensors, 13(6), 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060576

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