Application of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for Detection of Flavonoids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Working Principle of the Electrochemical Sensor
3. Application of Carbon Nanomaterials in the Determination of the Flavonoids in Food and Drug Homologous Substances
3.1. Carbon Nanotubes
3.2. Graphene
3.3. Carbon and Graphene Quantum Dots
3.4. Mesoporous Carbon
3.5. Carbon Black
4. Conclusions
Carbon Nanomaterial | Analyst | Detection Technique | Linear Range (µM) | Detection Limit (µM) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | quercetin | DPV | 0.1–15 | 0.003 | [12] |
CNTs | rutin | CV | 0.10–51 | 0.075 | [18] |
CNTs | rutin | SWV | 0.99–8.0 | 0.092 | [19] |
CNTs | rutin | CV | 0.10–31 | 0.081 | [20] |
CNTs | kaempferol, quercetin | DPV | 5.00–50 5.00–20 | 0.012 0.005 | [21] |
CNTs | myricetin, rutin | DPV | 0.01–15 0.01–15 | 0.003 1.7 × 10−3 | [22] |
CNTs | rutin | DPV | 0.01–10 | 1.8 × 10−3 | [23] |
CNTs | quercetin | DPV | 0.005–0.6 | 1.96 × 10−3 | [24] |
CNTs | quercetin | CV | 1.8–570 | 0.213 | [25] |
CNTs | quercetin | CV | 0.075–100 | 0.054 | [26] |
CNTs | morin | DPV | 0.2–803.4 | 0.002 | [27] |
CNTs | chlorogenic acid | SWV | 0.002–2.0 | 8.2 × 10−4 | [29] |
graphene | puerarin | CV, LSV | 0.06–6.0 | 0.04 | [33] |
graphene | puerarin | CV | 0.23–5.5 | 0.04 | [34] |
graphene | puerarin | LSV | 0.3–10 | 0.08 | [35] |
graphene | puerarin | CV | 0.02–40 | 0.006 | [36] |
graphene | daidzein | CV | 0.001–0.02 | 5.0 × 10−4 | [37] |
graphene | rutin | CV, DPV | 0.06–512.9 | 0.03 | [39] |
graphene | rutin | DPV | 0.1–420 | 0.015 | [40] |
graphene | rutin | DPV | 0.4–2 | 2.0 × 10−4 | [41] |
graphene | quercetin | DPV | 0.1–100 | 0.065 | [42] |
CNTs-graphene | hyperin | CV | 0.005–1.5 | 0.001 | [43] |
CNTs-graphene | myricetin, rutin | DPV | 0.05–50 0.05–50 | 0.01 0.005 | [45] |
GQDs | rutin | CV, EIS | 0.05–10 | 0.011 | [49] |
GQDs | luteolin | DPV | 0.01–10 | 0.001 | [50] |
GQDs | quercetin | DPV | 0.002–1.6 | 8.2 × 10−4 | [51] |
GQDs | quercetin | CV | 0.001–0.2 | 2.85 × 10−4 | [52] |
CQDs | rutin | Fluorescent | 0.1–15 | 0.05 | [53] |
mesoporous carbon | rutin | SWV | 0.008–4 | 1.17 × 10−3 | [59] |
mesoporous carbon | quercetin | LSV | 0.02–10 | 0.008 | [60] |
mesoporous carbon | luteolin | CV | 0.02–10 | 2.9 × 10−3 | [61] |
mesoporous carbon | chlorogenic acid | DPV | 0.1–15 | 0.019 | [62] |
mesoporous carbon | rutin | CV, DPV | 0.1–30 | 0.022 | [63] |
CB | rutin | CV, DPV | 0.01–75.46 | 0.002 | [65] |
CB | chlorogenic acid | SWV | 0.02–2 | 4.1 × 10−3 | [66] |
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lou, X.M.; Yuan, B.; Wang, L.; Xu, H.D.; Hanna, M.; Yuan, L. Evaluation of physicochemical characteristics, nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity of Chinese organic hawthorn berry (Crataegus pinnatifida). Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 2020, 55, 1679–1688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveira, D.; Latimer, C.; Parpot, P.; Gill, C.I.R.; Oliveira, R. Antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract are retained after in vitro gastrointestinal digestive conditions. Eur. J. Nutr. 2020, 59, 465–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, M.Z.; Wang, K.L.; Zhang, Y.N.; Zhang, M.D.; Ma, Y.J.; Sun, H.F.; Jin, Z.X.; Zheng, H.; Jiang, H.; Yu, P.; et al. New insights into the biological activities of Chrysanthemum morifolium: Natural flavonoids alleviate diabetes by targeting alpha-glucosidase and the PTP-1B signaling pathway. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2019, 178, 108–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, D.X.; Jiang, J.G. Hypolipidemic Components from Medicine Food Homology Species Used in China: Pharmacological and Health Effects. Arch. Med. Res. 2017, 48, 569–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, Y.; Jiang, J.G. Origin and concept of medicine food homology and its application in modern functional foods. Food Funct. 2013, 4, 1727–1741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, S.J.; Kim, O.; Lee, J.S.; Kim, J.A.; Kim, M.R.; Choi, H.S.; Shim, J.H.; Kang, K.W.; Kim, Y.C. Inhibition of angiogenesis by quercetin in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48, 3227–3234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.Y.; Huang, J.W.; Yu, C.; Xiang, L.Q.; Li, L.; Shi, D.M.; Lin, F.Z. Quercetin Enhanced Paclitaxel Therapeutic Effects Towards PC-3 Prostate Cancer Through ER Stress Induction and ROS Production. Oncotargets Ther. 2020, 13, 513–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sun, G.J.; Pan, J.; Liu, K.C.; Wang, S.F.; Wang, X.; Wang, X.M. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 from zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2012, 38, 555–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, S.; Wu, X.; Shi, J.; Peng, Z.; Gao, M.; Xin, C.; Liu, Y.; Wang, S.; Xu, S.; Han, H.; et al. Rapid specific and visible detection of porcine circovirus type 3 using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2018, 65, 597–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Y.Y.; Xing, W.X.; Shan, S.J.; Zhang, S.Q.; Li, Y.Q.; Li, T.; An, L.; Yang, G.W. Characterization and immune response expression of the Rig-I-like receptor mda5 in common carp Cyprinus carpio. J. Fish Biol. 2016, 88, 2188–2202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erady, V.; Mascarenhas, R.J.; Satpati, A.K.; Detriche, S.; Mekhalif, Z.; Delhalle, J.; Dhason, A. A novel and sensitive hexadecyltrimethylammoniumbromide functionalized Fe decorated MWCNTs modified carbon paste electrode for the selective determination of Quercetin. Mat. Sci. Eng. C-Mater 2017, 76, 114–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, J.B.; Jin, H.; Gui, R.J.; Lv, W.; Wang, Z.H. A facile strategy for ratiometric electrochemical sensing of quercetin in electrolyte solution directly using bare glassy carbon electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2017, 795, 97–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ziyatdinova, G.K.; Zakharova, S.P.; Ziganshina, E.R.; Budnikov, H.C. Voltammetric Determination of Flavonoids in Medicinal Plant Materials Using Electrodes Modified by Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Surfactants. J. Anal. Chem. 2019, 74, 816–824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yola, M.L.; Gode, C.; Atar, N. Determination of rutin by CoFe2O4 nanoparticles ionic liquid nanocomposite as a voltammetric sensor. J. Mol. Liq. 2017, 246, 350–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murtada, K.; Moreno, V. Nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of aroma compounds - towards analytical approach. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2020, 861, 113988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, K.S.W.; Bunz, U.H.F. Discrimination of Flavonoids by a Hypothesis Free Sensor Array. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2019, 1, 1301–1307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, X.H.; Qi, X.; Wang, X.Q.; Wang, X.Y.; Wang, Q.; Yang, H.; Fu, Y.C.; Yao, S.Z. Highly efficient enzyme immobilization by nanocomposites of metal organic coordination polymers and carbon nanotubes for electrochemical biosensing. Electrochem. Commun. 2017, 79, 18–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xing, R.M.; Yang, H.T.; Li, S.N.; Yang, J.H.; Zhao, X.Y.; Wang, Q.L.; Liu, S.H.; Liu, X.H. A sensitive and reliable rutin electrochemical sensor based on palladium phthalocyanine-MWCNTs-Nafion nanocomposite. J. Solid State. Electr. 2017, 21, 1219–1228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calderon, J.A.; Cardozo-Perez, M.; Torres-Benitez, A.; Garcia-Beltran, O.; Nagles, E. New combination between chitosan, single walled carbon nanotubes and neodymium(III) oxide found to be useful in the electrochemical determination of rutin in the presence of morin and quercetin. Anal. Methods-UK 2017, 9, 6474–6481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, H.T.; Li, B.Y.; Cui, R.J.; Xing, R.M.; Liu, S.H. Electrochemical sensor for rutin detection based on Au nanoparticle-loaded helical carbon nanotubes. J. Nanopart. Res. 2017, 19, 354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, Z.X.; Zhai, H.Y.; Chen, Z.G.; Wang, S.Q.; Wang, H.H.; Wang, S.M. A sensitive electrochemical sensor for flavonoids based on a multi-walled carbon paste electrode modified by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Sen. Actuat. B-Chem. 2017, 244, 897–906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.Q.; Huang, J.Z.; Wang, L.S. Electrochemical synthesis of a nanocomposite consisting of carboxy-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes, polythionine and platinum nanoparticles for simultaneous voltammetric determination of myricetin and rutin. Microchim. Acta. 2018, 185, 414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arvand, M.; Farahpour, M.; Ardaki, M.S. Electrochemical characterization of in situ functionalized gold organosulfur self-assembled monolayer with conducting polymer and carbon nanotubes for determination of rutin. Talanta 2018, 176, 92–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mosleh, M.; Ghoreishi, S.M.; Masoum, S.; Khoobi, A. Determination of quercetin in the presence of tannic acid in soft drinks based on carbon nanotubes modified electrode using chemometric approaches. Sen. Actuat. B-Chem. 2018, 272, 605–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajabi, H.; Noroozifar, M. Modified Graphite Paste Electrode with Lewatit FO36 Nanoresin/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Determination of Quercetin. Russ. J. Electrochem. 2018, 54, 234–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ziyatdinova, G.; Kozlova, E.; Budnikov, H. Poly(gallic acid)/MWNT-modified electrode for the selective and sensitive voltammetric determination of quercetin in medicinal herbs. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2018, 821, 73–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sebastian, N.; Yu, W.C.; Balram, D. Synthesis of amine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube/3D rose flower-like zinc oxide nanocomposite for sensitive electrochemical detection of flavonoid morin. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2020, 1095, 71–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaithra, K.P.; Akshaya, K.B.; Maiyalagan, T.; Gurumurthy, H.; Anitha, V.; Louis, G. Unique Host Matrix to Disperse Pd Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Sensing of Morin: Sustainable Engineering Approach. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 6, 5264–5273. [Google Scholar]
- Teker, T.; Aslanoglu, M. A novel voltammetric sensing platform based on carbon nanotubes-niobium nanoparticles for the determination of chlorogenic acid. Arab. J. Chem. 2020, 13, 5517–5525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, G.M.; Wang, H.M.; Hou, P.L.; He, C.Q.; He, H.B. Rapid visual detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick. J. Vet. Sci. 2018, 19, 242–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sehit, E.; Altintas, Z. Significance of nanomaterials in electrochemical glucose sensors: An updated review (2016–2020). Biosens. Bioelectron. 2020, 159, 112165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cui, L.L.; Yang, G.W.; Pan, J.; Zhang, C. Tumor necrosis factor alpha knockout increases fertility of mice. Theriogenology 2011, 75, 867–876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jing, S.S.; Zheng, H.J.; Zhao, L.; Qu, L.B.; Yu, L.L. A novel electrochemical sensor based on WO3 nanorods-decorated poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) functionalized graphene nanocomposite modified electrode for detecting of puerarin. Talanta 2017, 174, 477–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Y.F.; Feng, X.T.; Zhao, L.; Pu, Q.S. On-Surface Formation of Polyarginine/Reduced Graphene Oxide Film and Its Application in Measuring Puerarin in Healthcare Products. Int. J. Electrochem. Sc. 2018, 13, 3948–3957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheng, K.; Li, L.T.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, Y.L. Simple voltammetric sensor detection for puerarin. Int. J. Environ. An. Ch. 2019, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.F.; Wang, S.; Cui, F.; Zhuo, B.B.; Zhao, C.R.; Liu, W.L. Sensitive and selective detection of puerarin based on the hybrid of reduced graphene oxide and molecularly imprinted polymer. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. 2020, 185, 113221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liang, Y.M.; Qu, C.; Yang, R.; Qu, L.B.; Li, J.J. Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for daidzein recognition and detection based on poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) functionalized graphene. Sen. Actuat. B-Chem. 2017, 251, 542–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ding, N.Z.; Qi, Q.R.; Gu, X.W.; Zuo, R.J.; Liu, J.; Yang, Z.M. De novo synthesis of sphingolipids is essential for decidualization in mice. Theriogenology 2018, 106, 227–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, T.T.; Liu, S.; Ma, L.; Li, F.L.; Zheng, Z.D.; Chai, R.F.; Hou, Y.H.; Xie, Y.B.; Li, G.R. Oogenesis, vitellogenin-mediated ovarian degeneration and immune response in the annual fish Nothobranchius guentheri. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2017, 66, 86–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, B.B.; Bin, D.; Zhang, K.; Du, Y.K.; Majima, T. A seed-mediated method to design N-doped graphene supported gold-silver nanothorns sensor for rutin detection. J. Colloid. Interf. Sci. 2018, 512, 446–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, Y.Q.; Liao, M.X.; Ma, X.; Deng, H.; Gao, F.; Dai, R.Y.; Lu, L.M. Electrochemical Determination of Rutin Using SnO2/nitrogen-doped Graphene Composite Electrode. Int. J. Electrochem. Sc. 2019, 14, 4946–4956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niu, X.L.; Li, X.Y.; Chen, W.; Li, X.B.; Weng, W.J.; Yin, C.X.; Dong, R.X.; Sun, W.; Li, G.J. Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide aerogel modified electrode for the sensitive quercetin sensing and its application. Mat. Sci. Eng. C-Mater. 2018, 89, 230–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, L.J.; Jia, W.K.; Wu, Y.J.; Wang, F.; Kui, L. Direct Fabrication of 3D Graphene-Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes Network and Its Application for Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Hyperin. Int. J. Electrochem. Sc. 2019, 14, 481–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, L.; Yin, Y.L.; Lv, P.P.; Zhang, Z.H.; Wang, J.; Long, F. Synthesis and Application of Novel 3D Magnetic Chlorogenic Acid Imprinted Polymers Based on a Graphene-Carbon Nanotube Composite. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2016, 64, 3091–3100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tursynbolat, S.; Bakytkarim, Y.; Huang, J.Z.; Wang, L.S. Highly sensitive simultaneous electrochemical determination of myricetin and rutin via solid phase extraction on a ternary Pt@r-GO@MWCNTs nanocomposite. J. Pharm. Anal. 2019, 9, 358–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, X.; Zhou, J. Application of biosensors to detection of epidemic diseases in animals. Res. Vet. Sci. 2018, 118, 444–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tajik, S.; Dourandish, Z.; Zhang, K.; Beitollahi, H.; Le, Q.V.; Jang, H.W.; Shokouhimehr, M. Carbon and graphene quantum dots: A review on syntheses, characterization, biological and sensing applications for neurotransmitter determination. Rsc. Adv. 2020, 10, 15406–15429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guo, T.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, D.; Liu, T.; An, L.G.; Li, W.P.; Zhang, C. Low-density lipoprotein receptor affects the fertility of female mice. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2015, 27, 1222–1232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, R.Q.; Li, Q.L.; Zhang, S.J.; Tang, J.K.; Ma, C.L.; Jin, R.Y. GQDs/PEDOT Bilayer Films Modified Electrode as a Novel Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Rutin Detection. Int. J. Electrochem. Sc. 2019, 14, 11000–11011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, J.; Huang, R.; Zheng, S.B.; Jiang, S.X.; Yu, H.; Li, Z.R.; Wang, J.F. A sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on graphene quantum dots/gold nanoparticles nanocomposite modified electrode for the determination of luteolin in peanut hulls. Microchem. J. 2019, 145, 899–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, P.C.; Ni, M.J.; Xu, Y.T.; Wang, C.X.; Chen, C.; Zhang, X.R.; Li, C.Y.; Xie, Y.X.; Fei, J.J. A novel ultrasensitive electrochemical quercetin sensor based on MoS2-carbon nanotube @ graphene oxide nanoribbons / HS-cyclodextrin / graphene quantum dots composite film. Sens. Actuators, B 2019, 299, 126997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Z.D.; Zhao, P.C.; Wan, C.X.; Yan, P.P.; Xie, Y.X.; Fe, J.J. Ultra-sensitive amperometric determination of quercetin by using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a nanocomposite prepared from aminated graphene quantum dots, thiolated beta-cyclodextrin and gold nanoparticles. Microchim. Acta 2020, 187, 130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, C.Y.; Shang, S.Z.; Zheng, X.D.; Lei, P.; Han, J.M.; Yuan, L.D.; Li, Z.Q.; Wang, R.; Gong, W.M.; Tang, J.G.; et al. Fluorescent Sensors Based on Cu-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for the Detection of Rutin. J. Brazil Chem. Soc. 2019, 30, 988–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, P.L.; Wang, H.M.; Zhao, G.M.; He, C.Q.; He, H.B. Rapid detection of infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis virus using recombinase polymerase amplification assays. BMC Vet. Res. 2017, 13, 386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hou, P.L.; Zhao, G.M.; Wang, H.M.; He, C.Q.; He, H.B. Rapid detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus using recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick assays in bulk milk. Vet. Arh. 2018, 88, 627–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Yang, H.J.; Liu, D.C.; He, H.B.; Wang, C.F.; Zhong, J.F.; Gao, Y.D.; Zeng, Y.J. Analysis of Biofilms Formation and Associated Genes Detection in Staphylococcus Isolates from Bovine Mastitis. Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 2012, 10, 62–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, J.W.; Tian, F.L.; Lan, Z.R.; Huang, B.; Zhuang, W.Z. Selection characterization on overlapping reading frame of multiple-protein-encoding P gene in Newcastle disease virus. Vet. Microbiol. 2010, 144, 257–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, Q. A new species and new records of the lichen genus Pertusaria from China. Mycotaxon 2015, 130, 689–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammadi, N.; Adeh, N.B.; Najafi, M. A highly defective mesoporous carbon - ionic liquid paste electrode toward the sensitive electrochemical determination of rutin. Anal. Methods-UK 2017, 9, 84–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, B.J.; Yang, L.T.; Zhao, F.Q.; Zeng, B.Z. A novel electrochemical quercetin sensor based on Pd/MoS2-ionic liquid functionalized ordered mesoporous carbon. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 247, 657–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Hassan, M.; Bo, X.J.; Guo, L.P. Fumarate-based metal-organic framework/mesoporous carbon as a novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of gallic acid and luteolin. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2019, 849, 113378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, X.; Bai, J.; Bo, X.J.; Guo, L.P. A novel electrochemical sensor based on 2D CuTCPP nanosheets and platelet ordered mesoporous carbon composites for hydroxylamine and chlorogenic acid. Anal. Chim. Acta 2019, 1075, 71–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Senocak, A.; Khataee, A.; Demirbas, E.; Doustkhah, E. Ultrasensitive detection of rutin antioxidant through a magnetic micro-mesoporous graphitized carbon wrapped Co nanoarchitecture. Sensor Actuat. B-Chem. 2020, 312, 127939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arduini, F.; Cinti, S.; Mazzaracchio, V.; Scognamiglio, V.; Amine, A.; Moscone, D. Carbon black as an outstanding and affordable nanomaterial for electrochemical (bio)sensor design. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2020, 156, 112033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kubendhiran, S.; Sakthivel, R.; Chen, S.M.; Yeah, Q.J.; Mutharani, B.; Thirumalraj, B. "Design of novel WO3/CB nanohybrids" An affordable and efficient electrochemical sensor for the detection of multifunctional flavonoid rutin. Inorg. Chem. Front. 2018, 5, 1085–1093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teker, T.; Hasan, A.M.H.; Aslanoglu, M. A Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Modified with Nano-carbon Black for the Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Chlorogenic Acid. Electroanalysis 2019, 31, 2446–2454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hu, J.; Zhang, Z. Application of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for Detection of Flavonoids. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102020
Hu J, Zhang Z. Application of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for Detection of Flavonoids. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(10):2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102020
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Jinchun, and Zhenguo Zhang. 2020. "Application of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for Detection of Flavonoids" Nanomaterials 10, no. 10: 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102020