(Neuro) Peptides, Physical Activity, and Cognition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Insulin Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)
2.1. Centrally and Peripherally Released IGF-1
2.2. IGF-1 and Cognition
2.3. IGF-1 and Age
2.4. IGF-1 and Gender
2.5. IGF-1 and Fitness
2.6. IGF-1 and Physical Activity
2.7. Associations between Physical Activity, IGF-1, and Cognition
2.8. IGF-1 and Intervention Studies
2.9. IGF-1 and Prospective Trials
3. Orexins
4. Ghrelin
5. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
6. Galanin
7. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
8. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP)
9. Other (Neuro-)Peptides
10. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference and Study Design | Subjects | Target Area | Type of PA | (Neuro) Peptide | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCT [29] | 33 M and F Sedentary with mild cognitive impairment. 55–85 years old (mean age: 70 years) | Executive function and short-term memory | Acute aerobic exercise | IGF-1 | For women, aerobic exercise improved cognitive performance. For men, aerobic exercise increased plasma IGF-1 levels and improved performance on trails B test. |
RCT [30] | 62 M Sedentary 65–75 years old | Executive function, short-term memory, attention and long-term episodic memory | Acute, moderate- and high-intensity resistance exercise | IGF-1 | Moderate and high-intensity resistance training have equally beneficial effects on cognition. IGF-1 levels were higher in subjects compared to controls. |
RCT [31] | 37 F Sedentary 65+ years old | Selective attention, cognitive flexibility, and processing speed | Acute aerobic exercise | IGF-1 | Taekwondo training may improve physical fitness and cognitive functioning in elderly females. IGF-1, VEGF and BDNF may mediate the latter effect. |
Longitudinal study [32] | 303 M and F Followed from age 13 to 42 years old | Executive functioning and visual-spatial memory | Physical activity and fitness were assessed annually between ages 13 to 16. At mean age 36, physical activity and fitness were assessed. | IGF-1 | For males, there is a significant association between physical activity in adolescence and cognitive capabilities in adulthood. Such association was not found for females. IGF-1 was not found to have an intermediate role for either sex. |
Controlled trial [33] | 23 M and F Untrained 18–30 years old | Short- and mid-term memory | Regular resistance exercise | IGF-1 | 10 Week strength training period did not influence serum BDNF, IGF-1 or IGFBP-3 levels. There was no difference in short-term memory between experimental and control group. Mid-term memory was not improved after 10-week training program. |
Between-group design [34] | 91 M and F Healthy, both sedentary and physically active 14–18 years old | Selective attention, cognitive flexibility, processing speed, spatial memory, spatial memory and primary visual cortex function | Regular aerobic exercise | IGF-1 | Regular aerobic exercise improves cognitive function in teens and these beneficial effects are associated with serum levels of BDNF and VEGF. No such association was found for IGF-1. |
Cross-sectional study [35] | 22 M and F 65–85 years old (median age: 77 years) | Temporo-spatial orientation, memory, attention, calculation capacity, language, and pragmatic praxia | Questionnaire about physical activity and performance | IGF-1 | No association between physical activity and GH or IGF-1 levels were demonstrated. There is a direct relationship between cognitive function and IGF-1 plasma levels in aged subjects with cognitive impairment. |
RCT [36] | 60 M Exercise status was not mentioned 20–29 years old | Executive function, inhibitory control and attention | Acute resistance exercise | IGF-1 | The beneficial effects of resistance exercise on cognitive function might be explained by changes in arousal state. The change could possibly be modulated by serum cortisol levels. |
Cross-sectional study [37] | 114 M and F Physically active 60+ years Old (mean age: 66 years) | Executive function, visuo- construction, concentration/attention, language, and memory | Regular aerobic exercise | IGF-1 | Extensive aerobic training might be beneficial in maintaining cognitive function in older age. BDNF and IGF-1 was not found to be associated with duration of daily exercise and no differences in the basal levels of BDNF and IGF-1 between exercise and control group was found. |
Reference | Subjects | Target Area | Type of PA | (Neuro) Peptide | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Controlled trial [38] | 12 M Healthy Exercise status was not mentioned 19–29 years old No fasted state | Levels of plasma acylated ghrelin | Acute sprint interval and endurance exercise | Ghrelin | Sprint interval exercises lead to greater suppression in plasma acylated ghrelin levels. |
Randomized crossover [39] | 9 M Healthy Physically active 19–25 years old Fasted state | Levels of plasma acylated ghrelin | Acute aerobic exercises | Ghrelin | Single sessions of aerobic exercises lead to lower plasma levels of acylated ghrelin. |
Randomized crossover [40] | 11 M Healthy Physically active 19–23 years old Fasted state | Levels of plasma acylated ghrelin | Acute aerobic and resistance exercises | Ghrelin | Aerobic and resistance exercises lead to lower plasma levels of acylated ghrelin. |
PA intervention, no control group [41] | 5 M Healthy Sedentary 26 ± 1 years old Fasted state | Levels of plasma ghrelin | Acute incremental exercise until exhaustion | Ghrelin | Acute incremental exercise lads to decrease in plasma ghrelin levels. |
Randomized crossover [42] | 12 M overweight Sedentary 48 ± 5 years old Fasted state | Levels of plasma acylated ghrelin | Acute aerobic, strength and combined (aerobic and strength) exercises | Ghrelin | Single sessions of aerobic exercises lead to lower plasma levels of acylated ghrelin. Strength and combined exercises did not alter acylated ghrelin levels. |
Randomized crossover [43] | 18 M and F Healthy Physically active 19–32 years old Fasted state | Levels of total plasma ghrelin | Acute aerobic exercises | Ghrelin | Aerobic exercise did not alter total ghrelin levels. |
Counter-balanced [44] | 9 M Healthy Physically active 25 ± 1 years old Fasted state | Levels of plasma ghrelin | Acute resistance exercises | Ghrelin | Eccentric resistance exercises did not alter ghrelin levels and concentric resistance exercises suppressed ghrelin levels. |
Randomized counter-balanced [45] | 10 M Physically active 21 ± 1 years old Fasted state | Levels of plasma active ghrelin | Acute aerobic and resistance exercises | Ghrelin | Resistance exercises suppress plasma active ghrelin levels. Aerobic exercise did not alter plasma active ghrelin levels. |
Longitudinal study [46] | 22 M and F Overweight Sedentary 37 ± 8 years old Fasted state | Levels of plasma acylated ghrelin | Regular aerobic exercises | Ghrelin | Long-term aerobic training program results in slight increase in plasma acylated ghrelin levels. |
RCT [47] | 33 M overweight Sedentary 49 ± 7 years old Fasted and postprandial state | Levels of plasma active ghrelin | Regular aerobic and regular resistance exercises | Ghrelin | Aerobic and resistance exercises result in no change in acylated ghrelin levels in fasted and postprandial state. |
Randomized trial [48] | 20 M Healthy Sedentary 33 ± 2 years old Fasted state | Levels of plasma active ghrelin | Regular aerobic exercises in normoxic and normobaric hypoxic conditions | Ghrelin | 4-week program of aerobic exercises in normoxic and normobaric hypoxic conditions result in no change in active ghrelin levels. |
Reference | Subjects | Target Area | Type of PA | (Neuro)Peptide | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randomized PA intervention, no control group [49] | 24 M Physically active 22–24 years old military cadets | Levels of plasma VIP | 5-day period of strenuous exercise (35% of O2 uptake) | VIP | 2 to 5-fold increase in plasma VIP, peak at day 2. Calorie-compensation and glucose infusion lowered the plasma VIP levels during the exercise period within 30-60 min of ingestion. |
PA intervention, no control group [50] | 6 M Exercise status was not mentioned 17–31 years old | Levels of plasma VIP | 3 h of mild PA, short term-submaximal and maximal, fasting of 59 h | VIP | Increase of plasma VIP after 3 h of mild exercise and after fasting period. No elevation with short-term submaximal or maximal PA. |
PA intervention, no control group [51] | 18 M Age and exercise status was not mentioned Healthy | NPY release from the myocardial tissue during exercise | Supine position ergometer exercise | NPY | Small increase of NPY and NA release was detected during normoxic exercise, in hypoxic conditions 4 (NPY) and 2 (NA)–fold increases were detected. |
PA intervention, no control group [52] | 12 M Physically active 22 ± 3 years old elite rowers | Levels of plasma NPY | High-volume low intensity resistance training combined with endurance training for 2 weeks. | NPY | The post-exercise plasma NPY levels increased significantly with the 2-week training period but the levels normalized after 1-week of recovery. |
PA intervention, no control group [53] | 16 M Physically active 18–45 years old long distance swimmers | Levels of plasma NPY | 25 km sea swimming competition (mean completion time 8,5 h) | NPY | Plasma NPY significantly increased. The level of plasma NPY app. doubled with swimming. |
Between-group design [54] | 10 F 66–81 years old And 6 M and F 21–46 years old Exercise status was not mentioned | Levels of plasma CGRP | Acute aerobic exercises | CGRP | Aerobic exercise increases the plasma CGRP levels. |
PA intervention, no control group [55] | 9 M Physically active 41–50 years old runners | Levels of plasma CGRP | Long-term aerobic exercises | CGRP | Aerobic exercise increases the plasma CGRP levels. |
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Autio, J.; Stenbäck, V.; Gagnon, D.D.; Leppäluoto, J.; Herzig, K.-H. (Neuro) Peptides, Physical Activity, and Cognition. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2592. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082592
Autio J, Stenbäck V, Gagnon DD, Leppäluoto J, Herzig K-H. (Neuro) Peptides, Physical Activity, and Cognition. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(8):2592. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082592
Chicago/Turabian StyleAutio, Juho, Ville Stenbäck, Dominique D. Gagnon, Juhani Leppäluoto, and Karl-Heinz Herzig. 2020. "(Neuro) Peptides, Physical Activity, and Cognition" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8: 2592. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082592