Memory Complaint Is a Surrogate for Memory Decline in the Middle-Aged: A Register-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Selection of Participants
2.2. Diagnosis Criteria
2.3. One-Year Cognitive Decline
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diagnosis | Total Enrollment, n (%) | 1-Year Follow-Up, n (%) | 1-Year Cognitive Decline, n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Subjective cognitive decline | 131 (32%) | 95 (73%) | 7 (7.3%) |
Objective cognitive impairment | |||
Neurodegenerative disease | 141 (35%) | 125 (89%) | 46 (36.8%) |
Mild cognitive decline | 46 (11%) | 40 (87%) | 12 (30%) |
Alzheimer’s disease | 81 (20%) | 72 (89%) | 27 (37.5%) |
Parkinson’s disease dementia | 3 (1%) | 2 (67%) | 1 (50%) |
Frontotemporal lobe degeneration | 11 (3%) | 11 (100%) | 6 (54.5%) |
Non-neurodegenerative disease | 132 (33%) | 119 (90%) | 9 (7.6%) |
Structure lesion a | 24 (6%) | 23 (96%) | 5 (21.7%) |
Vascular dementia | 24 (6%) | 21 (86%) | 0 (0%) |
Mood disorder b | 84 (21%) | 75 (89%) | 4 (5.3%) |
Total | 404 (100%) | 339 (84%) | 62 (18.3%) |
Characteristic | Total | Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) | Neurodegenerative Disease (ND) | Non-Neurodegenerative Disease (NND) | pSCD–ND | pSCD–NND | pND–NND | pall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 404 | 131 | 141 | 132 | ||||
Age | 58.8 ± 6.0 | 58.4 ± 6.4 | 60.3 ± 4.7 | 57.6 ± 6.4 | 2 × 10−2 | 0.58 | 1 × 10−3 | 6× 10−4 |
Male, n (%) | 158 (39.1%) | 51 (38.9%) | 63 (44.7%) | 44 (33.3%) | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Hypertension | 115 (28.5%) | 30 (22.9%) | 40 (28.4%) | 45 (34.1%) | 0.3 | 4.4 × 10−2 | 0.31 | 3× 10−7 |
DM | 74 (18.4%) | 16 (12.3%) | 32 (22.7%) | 26 (19.7%) | 3.0 × 10−3 | 0.1 | 0.55 | 3× 10−5 |
Education (year) | 9.7 ± 4.4 | 10.8 ± 4.2 | 9.0 ± 4.2 | 9.3 ± 4.7 | 2.0 × 10−3 | 1.4 × 10−2 | 0.85 | 2× 10−3 |
1-year decline | 62 (18.3%) | 7 (7.3%) | 46 (36.8%) | 9 (7.6%) | 1.3 × 10−8 | 0.617 | 1.1 × 10−7 | 1× 10−10 |
Neuropsychological test | ||||||||
Number | 384 | 120 | 135 | 129 | ||||
MMSE | 24.4 ± 6.1 | 27.9 ± 2.9 | 21.3 ± 6.3 | 24.4 ± 6.4 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 3.0 × 10−6 | 1.8 × 10−5 | 3× 10−18 |
Orientation | 8.4 ± 2.4 | 9.7 ± 0.9 | 7.2 ± 2.8 | 8.4 ± 2.4 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 1.8 × 10−5 | 7.1 × 10−5 | 3× 10−16 |
Registration | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 1.5 × 10−2 | 0.13 | 0.66 | 2× 10−2 |
Attention calculation | 3.7 ± 1.7 | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 1.7 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 3.4 × 10−4 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 2× 10−11 |
Recall | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 1.3 × 10−2 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 3× 10−21 |
Language | 7.9 ± 1.7 | 8.6 ± 1.0 | 7.4 ± 2.0 | 7.8 ± 1.7 | 2.1 × 10−8 | 6.6 × 10−4 | 0.07 | 3× 10−8 |
6-item learning | 25.0 ± 6.0 | 28.4 ± 2.1 | 22.3 ± 7.0 | 25.0 ± 6.9 | 7.0 × 10−9 | 1.4 × 10−3 | 9.5 × 10−3 | 5× 10−9 |
6-item recall | 4.7 ± 1.8 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 4.8 ± 1.9 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 9.1 × 10−4 | 4.1 × 10−5 | 4× 10−13 |
Global CDR | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 1.7 × 10−5 | 2.6 × 10−4 | 2× 10−15 |
Sum of box | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ±3.0 | 3.0 ± 3.0 | 2.0 ± 3.4 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 3.0 × 10−5 | 1.5 × 10−2 | 9× 10−12 |
IQCODE | n = 216 | n = 66 | n = 89 | n = 61 | ||||
3.5 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 3.0 × 10−5 | 1.5 × 10−2 | 4× 10−10 | |
CASI | n = 186 | n = 71 | n = 58 | n = 57 | ||||
86.5 ± 12.3 | 96.1 ± 8.1 | 78.4 ± 14.5 | 88.4 ± 9.3 | 5.3 × 10−9 | 3.8 × 10−5 | 0.14 | 4× 10−10 |
Neuropsychological test | MMSE | Orientation | Registration | Attention Calculation | Recall | |||||
Variable | OR, 95% CIs | p | OR, 95% CIs | p | OR, 95% CIs | p | OR, 95% CIs | p | OR, 95% CIs | p |
Neuropsychological test | 1.126, 1.076–1.178 | 2.52 × 10−7 | 1.366, 1.225–1.522 | 1.72 × 10−8 | 1.04, 0.605–1.789 | 0.885 | 1.35, 1.144–1.595 | 4.0 × 10−4 | 2.208, 1.658–2.941 | 5.93 × 10−8 |
Age | 1.012, 0.958–1.069 | 0.669 | 1.019, 0.964–1.078 | 0.498 | 1.011, 0.959–1.065 | 0.696 | 1.014, 0.961–1.070 | 0.611 | 1.009, 0.953–1.067 | 0.765 |
DM | 0.920, 0.410–2.067 | 0.84 | 1.009, 0.443–2.301 | 0.982 | 0.737, 0.348–1.563 | 0.427 | 0.883, 0.406–1.920 | 0.754 | 0.669, 0.304–1.474 | 0.319 |
Hypertension | 1.322, 0.642–2.723 | 0.449 | 1.278, 0.617–2.649 | 0.509 | 1.199, 0.606–2.370 | 0.602 | 1.203, 0.597–2.423 | 0.605 | 1.310, 0.642–2.670 | 0.458 |
Education | 1.037, 0.960–1.120 | 0.358 | 1.017, 0.942–1.098 | 0.658 | 0.971, 0.906–1.042 | 0.415 | 1.013, 0.941–1.090 | 0.736 | 1.029, 0.950–1.113 | 0.487 |
Sex | 0.709, 0.382–1.315 | 0.275 | 0.735, 0.393–1.375 | 0.336 | 0.756, 0.421–1.358 | 0.349 | 0.769, 0.423–1.396 | 0.387 | 0.649, 0.348–1.211 | 0.174 |
Neuropsychological test | Language | Global CDR | Sum of box | IQCODE a | CASI b | |||||
Variable | OR, 95% CIs | p | OR, 95% CIs | p | OR, 95% CIs | p | OR, 95% CIs | p | OR, 95% CIs | p |
Neuropsychological test | 1.312, 1.126–1.531 | 5.23 × 10−4 | 3.296, 1.828–5.911 | 6.30 × 10−5 | 2.775, 1.836–4.194 | 1.0 × 10−6 | 4.254, 2.060–8.783 | 9.1 × 10−5 | 0.918, 0.880–0.958 | 8.6 × 10−5 |
Age | 1.009, 0.957–1.063 | 0.747 | 1.00, 0.947–1.057 | 0.989 | 1.009, 0.955–1.067 | 0.74 | 1.068, 0.969–1.179 | 0.186 | 0.987, 0.909–1.071 | 0.751 |
DM | 0.841, 0.386–1.834 | 0.664 | 0.796, 0.359–1.762 | 0.573 | 0.826, 0.366–1.863 | 0.644 | 1.360, 0.428–4.322 | 0.603 | 0.686, 0.167–2.813 | 0.601 |
Hypertension | 1.275, 0.632–2.574 | 0.497 | 1.482, 0.717–3.063 | 0.288 | 1.494, 0.714–3.126 | 0.286 | 1.870, 0.682–5.129 | 0.224 | 0.544, 0.148–2.003 | 0.36 |
Education | 1.016, 0.943–1.094 | 0.681 | 1.007, 0.934–1.086 | 0.847 | 1.025, 0.949–1.108 | 0.525 | 0.969, 0.870–1.079 | 0.57 | 1.003, 0.868–1.159 | 0.971 |
Sex | 0.745, 0.410–1.353 | 0.333 | 0.748, 0.405–1.381 | 0.353 | 0.663, 0.352–1.247 | 0.202 | 0.486, 0.202–1.170 | 0.107 | 0.668, 0.213–2.091 | 0.488 |
Country | Year | Patient Number | Findings | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AD prevalent | AD | VaD | FTLD | |||
UK | 2003 | 185 | 34% | 18% | 12% | [28] |
Japan | 2005 | 34 | 38% | 24% | 15% | [48] |
Spain | 2010 | 144 | 42% | 14% | 10% | [49] |
Norway | 2019 | 390 | 33% | 5% | 5% | [44] |
Japan | 2007 | 185 | 39% | 13% | 21% | [46] |
UK | 2008 | 54 | 35% | 11% | 27% | [50] |
Greece | 2009 | 114 | 27% | 6% | 25% | [51] |
VaD prevalent | AD | VaD | FTLD | |||
Brazil | 2003 | 141 | 21% | 37% | 5% | [47] |
India | 2004 | 76 | 13% | 44% | - | [52] |
USA | 2006 | 278 | 17% | 29% | 3% | [30] |
Japan | 2006 | 671 | 26% | 43% | 3% | [45] |
FTLD prevalent | AD | VaD | FTLD | |||
Australia | 2007 | 112 | 12% | 3% | 19% | [53] |
USA | 2006 | 235 | 1% | 6% | 13% | [29] |
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Wu, Y.-Y.; Hsu, W.-C.; Huang, Y.-H.; Ho, W.-M.; Chen, Y.-C. Memory Complaint Is a Surrogate for Memory Decline in the Middle-Aged: A Register-Based Study. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1900. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111900
Wu Y-Y, Hsu W-C, Huang Y-H, Ho W-M, Chen Y-C. Memory Complaint Is a Surrogate for Memory Decline in the Middle-Aged: A Register-Based Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(11):1900. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111900
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yah-Yuan, Wen-Chuin Hsu, Yu-Hua Huang, Wei-Min Ho, and Yi-Chun Chen. 2019. "Memory Complaint Is a Surrogate for Memory Decline in the Middle-Aged: A Register-Based Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11: 1900. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111900