Levosimendan vs. Dobutamine in Patients with Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Protocol
2.2. Study Selection
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Risk of Bias in Individual Studies
2.6. Publication Bias
2.7. Subgroup Analysis and TSA
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection and Characteristics of the Included Trial
3.2. ROB in the Studies
3.3. Mortality Analysis
Secondary Analysis with LeoPARDS
3.4. Biomarkers
3.5. Hemodynamic Parameters and ICU Stay
3.6. TSA
3.6.1. In-Hospital Mortality
3.6.2. 28-Day Mortality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SICM | Septic-induced cardiomyopathy |
TSA | Trial sequential analysis |
OR | Odds ratio |
CI | Confidence interval |
SMD | Standardized mean difference |
MAP | Mean arterial pressure |
LVEF | Left ventricular ejection fraction |
BNP | Brain natriuretic peptide |
ICU | Intensive care unit |
APACHE II | Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation |
TnI | Troponin I |
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Study | Year | Levosimendan Group | Control Group | Levosimendan Dose (IV) | Dobutamine Dose (IV) | Inclusion Criteria | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sun, et al. [15] | 2023 | 15 | 15 | 0.2 μg/kg/min for 24 h | 5 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | Patients within the first 48 h from sepsis onset, with MAP maintained at 65 mmHg with norepinephrine, who presented LVEF ≤ 35% after fluid resuscitation and increase in myocardial injury markers after fluid resuscitation and vasoactive drug treatment. | Mortality 28-day. Hemodynamics. NE dose. Lactate, cTnI, NTproBNP, and PCR levels. Length of mechanical ventilation. ICU stay (days) ICU costs. |
Meng, et al. [16] | 2016 | 19 | 19 | 0.2 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | 5 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | Patients with septic shock and established normovolemia using norepinephrine to maintain MAP of at least 65 mmHg, with LVEF ≤ 45% after fluid resuscitation and vasopressor therapy. | Hemodynamics. HFABP, TNI, BNP, and Lactate levels. Mortality 28 days. ICU stay. Hospital stay. Length of mechanical ventilation. NE dose (baseline and 24 h). |
Morelli, et al. [17] | 2010 | 20 | 30 | 0.2 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | 5 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | Patients within the first 24 h from the onset of septic shock after having established normovolemia and an MAP of at least 65 mmHg using norepinephrine. | Hemodynamics. Microcirculatory flow variables. Lactate. NE dose (baseline and 24 h). Mortality (ICU). ICU stay. |
Morelli, et al. [18] | 2005 | 15 | 13 | 0.2 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | 5 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | Patients within the first 24 h from the onset of septic shock after having established normovolemia, norepinephrine, and dobutamine given to maintain MAP of at least 65 mmHg while maintaining Hb > 7 g/dL. | Hemodynamics. Gastric perfusion. Lactate and TnI levels. Mortality (in-hospital, ICU, 30-day). |
Fan, et al. [19] | 2019 | 63 | 63 | Bolus 6–12 μg/kg, continued at 0.1 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | 5 μg/kg/min for 3 days. | Patients with septic shock managed under early goal-directed therapy, needing norepinephrine for blood pressure maintenance. | Cardiac function parameters. Lactate, BNP, PCT, and cTnI concentrations. APACHE II score. NE total dose. O2 inhalation time of mechanical ventilation. In-hospital mortality. ICU stay. |
Memiş, et al. [20] | 2012 | 15 | 15 | 0.1 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | 10 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | Critically ill patients who met at least two of the criteria of septic shock, as defined by CHEST, with MAP of ≤65 mmHg despite dopamine infusion. | Liver function. Hemodynamic variables. ICU stay. |
Vaitsis, et al. [21] | 2009 | 23 | 19 | 0.1 μg/kg/min for 24 h | 5–10 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | Patients with sepsis and severe cardiac dysfunction (CI ≤ 2.2, LVEF ≤ 35%). | Mortality at 7 and 30 days. |
Alhashemi, et al. [22] | 2009 | 21 | 21 | 0.05–0.2 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | 5–20 μg/kg/min for 7 days maximum. | Patients with severe sepsis or septic shock managed with norepinephrine infusion titrated to an MAP of at least 65 mmHg. | ICU mortality, first-day serum lactate. |
Hajjej, et al. [23] | 2017 | 10 | 10 | 0.2 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | 5 μg/kg/min for 72 h. | Patients with septic shock requiring norepinephrine to maintain an MAP of at least 65 mmHg despite appropriate volume resuscitation. | Systemic hemodynamics. Global oxygen transport. Acid-base homeostasis. Muscle microdialysis variables. |
Xu, et al. [24] | 2018 | 15 | 15 | 0.2 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | 5 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | Elderly patients with sepsis with LVEF ≤ 50% after fluid resuscitation. | Cardiac function parameters. Lactate levels. Length of mechanical ventilation. ICU stay. Mortality 28-day. |
Fang, et al. [25] | 2014 | 18 | 18 | Dobutamine + 0.2 μg/kg/min for 24 h. | 5 μg/kg/min for 48 h. | Patients with septic shock with LVEF ≤ 45% after fluid resuscitation. | Hemodynamics and cardiac function. Lactate levels. 24-h urinary output. NE total dose. Mortality (ICU and 28-day). |
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Rodríguez, E.E.; Jaramillo, G.A.D.; Cuellar, L.M.R.; Herran, S.E.P.; Lima, D.R.R.; Herpain, A. Levosimendan vs. Dobutamine in Patients with Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 5496. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155496
Rodríguez EE, Jaramillo GAD, Cuellar LMR, Herran SEP, Lima DRR, Herpain A. Levosimendan vs. Dobutamine in Patients with Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(15):5496. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155496
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez, Edith Elianna, German Alberto Devia Jaramillo, Lissa María Rivera Cuellar, Santiago Eduardo Pérez Herran, David René Rodríguez Lima, and Antoine Herpain. 2025. "Levosimendan vs. Dobutamine in Patients with Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 15: 5496. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155496
APA StyleRodríguez, E. E., Jaramillo, G. A. D., Cuellar, L. M. R., Herran, S. E. P., Lima, D. R. R., & Herpain, A. (2025). Levosimendan vs. Dobutamine in Patients with Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(15), 5496. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155496