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Article

Diagnostic Re-Evaluation and Potential Predictor Factors of Transient and Permanent Congenital Hypothyroidism in Eutopic Thyroid Gland

by
Gerdi Tuli
1,2,*,
Jessica Munarin
1,2 and
Luisa De Sanctis
1,2
1
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
2
Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(23), 5583; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235583
Submission received: 3 November 2021 / Revised: 19 November 2021 / Accepted: 26 November 2021 / Published: 27 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypothyroidism: Causes, Effects and Current Treatments)
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Abstract

Background: The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) has increased over the years, and many predictors for detecting newborns with transient forms (TCH) as early as possible have been considered. Methods: All newborns diagnosed with primary CH and eutopic gland in the Piedmont region of Italy in the period of January 2014–June 2019 were enrolled and re-evaluated at the age of 2 years. Results: 105 newborns were diagnosed with CH during the study period. Dyshormonogenesis was observed in 55/105. At re-evaluation, we found that 52.7% had permanent CH (PCH), while 47.3% had TCH. Male/female rate, TSH levels at diagnosis, levothyroxine requirement at withdrawal and extra-thyroid congenital malformations rate were higher in the PCH group (p = 0.02, p = 0.009, p = 0.02 and p = 0.01), while fT4 levels at diagnosis were lower (p = 0.03). Sensitivity of 72.4% and specificity of 80.7% for serum TSH above 60 mcUI/mL, sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 72.4% for serum fT4 level below 7.2 pg/mL and sensitivity of 66% and specificity of 68% for drug requirement above 2.25 mcg/kg/day were observed in PCH. Conclusions: Demographic, clinical and hormonal data at diagnosis and levothyroxine requirement during the first two years should be adequately monitored to identify infants who are most likely to discontinue therapy after the age of 24 months.

1. Introduction

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common congenital endocrine disorder, with classically reported incidence of 1:3.000–1:4.000 births [1]. In recent years, an increasing incidence has been reported, and it is influenced by many factors, e.g., the cutoff of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) at neonatal screening on a dry blood spot (DBS), as it has been progressively lowered in almost all countries. In addition, another important fact is the increase in the population of newborns at risk of developing CH, such as preterm babies or twins. Other factors that can influence the increased incidence include continuous ethnic population change, iodine deficiency during pregnancy, the presence of CH-associated syndromes and genetic mutations in genes responsible for thyroid ontogenesis or function. Despite the presence of Consensus Guidelines for the management of CH in pediatric age, the screening strategy and management of CH, especially where TSH elevation is mild, differ significantly between individual centers [2].
After reporting by the national screening center, the diagnosis of CH should be confirmed by evaluating the thyroid hormonal profile of TSH, free Thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), thyroglobulin and radiological evaluation by 99Tc or 121I scintiscan and/or ultrasound. Positive titer of anti-peroxidase (AbTPO), anti-thyroglobulin (AbHTG) and anti-TSH receptor antibodies should also always be omitted out at the time of diagnosis.
Within CH, thyroid dysgenesis, including total agenesis, ectopy or hypoplasia/hemiagenesis, has been described as the most frequent form, responsible for 75–85% of cases, while thyroid dyshormonogenesis has been classically reported in 15–25%. In recent years, the percentages have changed significantly, with the diagnostic category of eutopic gland reported in up to 40–50% of cases [1,2].
Diagnostic re-evaluation is therefore very important in all patients diagnosed with CH and eutopic thyroid gland detected by scintiscan or ultrasound to differentiate permanent CH (PCH) from transient CH (TCH) forms. Discontinuation of levothyroxine therapy should be performed at the age of 2 to 3 years, for a period of 4 weeks. TSH levels <10 mcUI/mL and normal fT4 levels are therefore indicative of TCH. Current data indicate TCH in 20–89% of cases of children with eutopic gland [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. The most important predictive factors of TCH appear to be TSH and fT4 levels at diagnosis and levothyroxine requirement in the first two years of life, but also gender, delivery, prematurity, low birth weight (LBW), maternal risk factors, family history of thyroid disease and consanguinity have been considered as risk factors [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30].
The aim of this study was to determine the rate of TCH in infants diagnosed with CH with eutopic thyroid in the Italian Region of Piedmont and to analyze the potential predictors of TCH in early infancy.

2. Materials and Methods

All newborns diagnosed with primary CH at the neonatal screening program in the Piedmont region in Italy in the period January 2014–June 2019 were enrolled. All TSH detection tests on dried blood spot (DBS), measured as serum-equivalents after multiplying by 2.2, were performed at the regional reference center for Neonatal Screening at Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital.
Infants with syndromic CH or chromosomal abnormalities, neonatal TCH or isolated hyperthyrotropinemia in which replacement treatment was not initiated were excluded. Confirmation of the diagnosis of CH was based on blood levels of TSH, fT4, fT3 and thyroglobulin, and on radiological evaluation with 99Tc scintigraphy and ultrasound examination in all cases of suspected thyroid agenesis. AbTPO and AbHTG antibodies were evaluated in the case of unknown or positive maternal antibodies titer. All blood tests were performed in a single laboratory.
Diagnostic re-evaluation was performed at the age of 2 years by prior suspension of levothyroxine for 4 weeks. Subsequent hormonal assessment included TSH and fT4 evaluation. A TCH was defined when the TSH level was <10 mcUI/mL and fT4 was within the normal range for a period of at least one year.
Statistical analyses and graphs were performed through GraphPad 7 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA), using the chi-squared test and multivariate analysis through logistic regression to compare differences between groups. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed for serum TSH and fT4 levels at diagnosis and levothyroxine requirement at withdrawal, as well as for sensitivity and specificity.

3. Results

In the period 2014–2019, in the Italian region of Piedmont, 105 newborns (57 males and 48 females) were diagnosed with CH (incidence of 1:1090) [1].
Thyroid scintigraphy revealed gland dysgenesis in 47.6% (50/105) (thyroid agenesis in 14.3% (15/105) of cases, and ectopia and thyroid hypoplasia in 23.8% (25/105) and 9.5% (10/105) respectively); a defect in hormonogenesis with eutopic gland was observed in 52.4% (55/105) of the cases. None of the subjects with agenesis or ectopia at scintiscan was found to have eutopic thyroid on ultrasound evaluation. All subjects with thyroid in situ were re-evaluated at a mean age of 2.4 years, and 29/55 (52.7%) were shown to have PCH, while 26/55 (47.3%) had a TCH. Demographic, clinical and hormonal data of subjects with PCH and TCH are represented in Table 1.
Considering gestational age, delivery at birth, family history of thyroid disease, neonatal weight and length, fT3 levels, starting dose of levothyroxine and levothyroxine requirement during the first and the second year of life, no difference was observed between the two groups. The male/female rate was significantly higher in the PCH group (M/F = 3.1 vs. 0.86, p = 0.02). TSH values were significantly higher in PCH group (197.3 ± 44.5 μUI/mL) than in the TCH group (55.01 ± 7.33) (p = 0.009), while fT4 levels were lower in subjects with PCH (6.92 ± 0.72 vs. 9.29 ± 1.98 pg/mL, p = 0.03). Of the 26 subjects with TCH, 22/26 had normal TSH levels after treatment withdrawal, while 4/26 had TSH levels ranging from 5.6 to 7.9 mcUI/mL (considering upper normal range 5.5 mcUI/mL) during a mean follow-up period of 3.5 years. AbTPO and AbHTG resulted in being negative in all subjects included in the study. The requirement for levothyroxine at the time of withdrawal was higher in the PCH group (2.69 ± 0.14 vs. 2.14 ± 0.19) (p = 0.02). TSH levels after treatment withdrawal were higher in the subjects with PCH (23.37 ± 13.6 vs. 4.1 ± 0.31, p = 0.007), while fT4 levels were lower 9.54 ± 1.22 vs. 13.13 ± 0.33, p = 0.004). Extra-thyroid congenital malformations were observed in 15 subjects with PCH (51.7%) and five subjects with TCH (19.2%) (p = 0.01). The most common malformations in the PCH group involved cardiac system (62.5%, 5/8), urogenital tract (75%, 3/4), gastrointestinal tract (100%, 5/5) and musculoskeletal system (66.7%, 2/3).
The ROC curve for TSH serum levels at diagnosis is represented in Figure 1. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.8 (p = 0.0002).
A serum TSH level above 60 mcUI/mL was found to have a sensitivity of 72.4% and a specificity of 80.7% for PCH (likelihood ratio of 2.8). Multivariate analysis for this cutoff also showed a higher risk for PCH (p = 0.001) and was associated with a higher risk of extra-thyroid malformation rate (p = 0.001). The highest specificity (100%) was achieved for TSH levels below 21.9 mcUI/L.
The ROC curve for fT4 levels at diagnosis is shown in Figure 2. The AUC was 0.72 (p = 0.006).
A 73% sensitivity and 72.4% specificity for PCH (likelihood ratio of 1.86) were observed for serum fT4 levels below 7.2 pg/mL. The highest specificity (100%) was achieved for fT4 levels above 13.1 pg/mL. Multivariate analysis for this cutoff showed a higher risk for PCH (p = 0.0005), as well, and this was associated with a higher risk of extra-thyroid malformation rate (p = 0.0004).
The ROC curve for levothyroxine requirement at the time of withdrawal is shown in Figure 3. The AUC was 0.7 (p = 0.02).
A drug requirement above 2.25 mcg/kg/day was observed to have a sensitivity of 66% and specificity of 68% for PCH (likelihood ratio of 2.1). The highest specificity (100%) was achieved with doses above 3.5, 3.73 and 4.18 mcg/kg/day, respectively. Multivariate analysis for this cutoff showed a higher risk for PCH (p = 0.002) and was associated with a higher risk of extra-thyroid malformation rate (p = 0.002).
In the multiple logistic model, PCH remained significantly associated with TSH above 60 mcUI/mL (p < 0.0001), fT4 levels inferior to 7.2 pg/mL (p < 0.002) at diagnosis, associated malformations (p = 0.005), male gender (p = 0.02) and levothyroxine requirement above 2.25 mcg/kg/day at treatment-withdrawal (p < 0.0005) requirement in the first two years.

4. Discussion

The incidence of CH has increased in recent years in nearly all countries that have a national newborn screening program. The latest update of the European Society of Pediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) and the ENDO-European Reference Network (ENDO-ERN) Consensus Guidelines for CH reports an incidence of 1:2000–3000, while the incidence in the Italian Region of Piedmont was 1:1090 births in the period 2014–2019 [1,2]. The continuously lowered cutoff of TSH detection on dry blood spots (DBSs) is the most important factor influencing the increase in incidence. This strategy has allowed the diagnosis of even mild forms of CH, particularly those with eutopic thyroid, which currently include 40–50% of CH [2]. Environmental, genetic and ethnic factors also have important consequences on the increase in incidence [1,2].
At the age of two to three years, all infants with CH and eutopic gland should be referred for discontinuation of therapy and reconsideration of diagnosis. There are two strategies for withdrawal: immediate discontinuation of treatment for 4 weeks or gradual dose reduction until the treatment is discontinued. levothyroxine treatment is then promptly resumed if TSH levels are above 10 mcUI/mL and/or fT4 levels are below the normal range for age. The rate of TCH in infants with eutopic thyroid gland in the main studies differs from 20 to 89%, as represented in Table 2 [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16].
This variability can be explained by many factors, such as the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the cutoff of TSH at DBS for diagnosis or the recall strategy, the age of discontinuation of therapy. If the condition of CH due to ectopic gland or athyreosis is also considered, this rate is reduced to 6.7–60% [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. In our current study, the TCH rate was 47.3% when considering only subjects with eutopic thyroid, and 24.8% when considering the whole cohort. The withdrawal timing in our cohort was at a mean age of 2.4 years, slightly earlier than the recommended age of 3 years. Normal thyroid hormones profile and constant levothyroxine requirement, rather than age, were considered for withdrawal timing.
Many authors have analyzed the risk factors for developing PCH by finding female gender, higher TSH and lower fT4 levels at diagnosis and higher levothyroxine requirement as predictors [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. Our data confirm that the thyroid hormonal profile at diagnosis and the levothyroxine requirement upon discontinuation of treatment are predictive for the permanent condition, as well as the presence of extra-thyroid malformations. To our knowledge, the association between extra-thyroid malformations and PCH has not yet been reported in the literature. Contrary to other reports [4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,28,29], we found male sex to be significantly related to PCH.
We found that a serum TSH level above 60 mcUI/mL has a sensitivity of 72.4% and a specificity of 80.7% for PCH, with a likelihood ratio of 2.8 and AUC of 0.8. Multivariate analysis for this cutoff also showed a higher risk for PCH and was also associated with a higher risk of extra-thyroid malformation rate. Oron et al. [11] and Kang [8] reported a similar cutoff for serum TSH levels at diagnosis, while other studies reported a lower cutoff for TSH, between 28.4 and 43.35 mcUI/mL [8,11,31,32]. In our cohort, specificity of 100% was achieved for TSH levels below 21.9 mcUI/mL.
Furthermore, in the present study, a serum fT4 level below 7.2 pg/mL was found to have a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 72.4% for PCH and a likelihood ratio of 1.86, while the AUC was 0.72. The multivariate analysis for this cutoff also showed a higher risk for PCH and was also associated with a higher risk of extra-thyroid malformation rate.
A drug requirement above 2.25 mcg/kg/day was observed to have a sensitivity of 66% and sensibility of 68%, likelihood ratio of 2.1 and AUC of 0.7 for PCH development. A similar cutoff for levothyroxine requirement at 24 months was found by other authors, while Messina et al. reported a levothyroxine dose greater than 1.45 mcg/kg/day at 24 months as predictive for PCH [11,16,18]. Other authors have reported that higher doses of levothyroxine at the time of withdrawal, of 2.86, 3.25 and 4.1 mcg/kg/day, respectively, suggest a PCH [5,8,13]. In this study, a specificity of 100% was found for the dose of levothyroxine above 3.5 mcg/kg/day. The high variability of levothyroxine requirement upon discontinuation of treatment is mainly related to the age of withdrawal and the diagnosis criteria at birth. In the present study, there was no difference in drug demand during the first two years of follow-up between subjects with permanent and transient forms. Other authors who have found significant differences report lower AUCs than the data at 24 months; therefore, the diagnostic reconsideration should always be performed after the age of two, considering the sequelae that the discontinuation could have on neuropsychological development [7].
The limitations of this study are related to the collection of retrospective data and the different management of CH compared to other studies with which our current data were compared. The variability in diagnostic criteria and further management of CH, including the age of withdrawal of therapy at the time of reconsideration, differ consistently between individual centers.

5. Conclusions

CH is the most common congenital endocrine disorder, with an increasing incidence in recent years. To better define each condition, radiological evaluation at diagnosis should include both scintiscan and ultrasound. Demographic, clinical, hormonal and radiological data at diagnosis and levothyroxine requirement during the first two years of follow-up should be adequately monitored to identify infants who are most likely to discontinue therapy after the age of 24 months.
However, the current data do not allow for clarification of the natural course of transient hypothyroidism in early infancy and do not indicate whether subjects with TCH need treatment with levothyroxine later in the evolutive age; therefore, long-term follow-up is required in this population.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.T. and J.M.; methodology, L.D.S.; software, G.T.; validation, G.T.; formal analysis, G.T.; investigation, G.T. and J.M.; resources, J.M.; data curation, J.M.; writing—original draft preparation, G.T. and J.M.; writing—review and editing, L.D.S.; visualization, G.T. and J.M.; supervision, L.D.S.; project administration, L.D.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to the observational retrospective data collection.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all parents of the subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

All data present in the study are available upon request to the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Jcm 10 05583 g001
Figure 1. Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) for serum TSH level at the time of diagnosis.
Figure 1. Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) for serum TSH level at the time of diagnosis.
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Figure 2. Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) for fT4 level at the time of diagnosis.
Figure 2. Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) for fT4 level at the time of diagnosis.
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Figure 3. Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) for levothyroxine requirement upon withdrawal of therapy.
Figure 3. Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) for levothyroxine requirement upon withdrawal of therapy.
Jcm 10 05583 g003
Table 1. Demographic, clinical and hormonal data of the 55 infants affected by CH and eutopic thyroid gland.
Table 1. Demographic, clinical and hormonal data of the 55 infants affected by CH and eutopic thyroid gland.
Permanent CH (PCH) 29 Subjects = 52.7%Transient CH (TCH) 26 Subjects = 47.3%p
GenderMale22120.02
Female714
Gestational AgeAt term21170.6
Preterm89
DeliveryVaginal15110.5
Caesarean section1415
Family history for thyroid disease7100.3
Neonatal Weight (g)2285 ± 156.72602 ± 129.30.1
Neonatal Length (cm)47.7 ± 0.7646.3 ± 1.050.3
Blood TSH mcUI/mL197.3 ± 44.555.01 ± 7.330.009
FT4 pg/mL6.92 ± 0.729.29 ± 1.980.03
FT3 pg/mL3.75 ± 0.254.19 ± 0.480.3
Levothyroxine initial dose8.37 ± 0.439.13 ± 0.440.23
Levothyroxine requirement in the 1st year5.12 ± 0.365.61 ± 0.550.46
Levothyroxine requirement in the 2nd year2.77 ± 0.192.74 ± 0.20.9
Levothyroxine requirement at withdrawal2.69 ± 0.142.14 ± 0.190.02
TSH mcUI/mL prior to withdrawal2.81 ± 0.741.98 ± 0.270.2
FT4 pg/mL prior to withdrawal14.53 ± 0.5614.45 ± 0.440.9
TSH mcUI/mL after withdrawal23.37 ± 13.64.1 ± 0.310.007
FT4 pg/mL after withdrawal9.54 ± 1.2213.13 ± 0.330.004
Malformations1550.01
Table 2. Main studies on TCH and PCH in infants with CH and eutopic thyroid gland.
Table 2. Main studies on TCH and PCH in infants with CH and eutopic thyroid gland.
StudyYearNo. of Subjects with Eutopic ThyroidTCH RateMain Findings
Nair et al. [3]20102380%Significant higher TSH in PCH subjects
Rabbiosi et al. [4]20138467%Same clinical outcome in patients with screening TSH values < 20 and >20 mcUI/mL. M/F ratio: 0.88 for TCH vs. 1.23 for PCH (not significant). Malformations rate 12.5% for TCH vs. 13.7% for PCH.
Cho et al. [5]20145645%TSH at diagnosis and levothyroxine requirement found to be predictive. M/F ratio: 0.92 for TCH vs. 0.93 for PCH.
Messina et al. [6]20156472%TSH at diagnosis and levothyroxine requirement found to be predictive.
Kara et al. [7]20168673%Levothyroxine requirement found to be predictive. M/F ratio: 1.7 for TCH vs. 0.7 for PCH.
Kang et al. [8]20172050%TSH at diagnosis and levothyroxine requirement found to be predictive. M/F ratio: 1.3 for TCH vs. 0.6 for PCH.
Park et al. [9]201710065%TSH at diagnosis and levothyroxine requirement. M/F ratio: 1.2 for TCH vs. 1.1 for PCH found to be predictive.
Saba et al. [10]20189254%Levothyroxine requirement found to be predictive. M/F ratio: 1.1 for TCH vs. 1.05 for PCH.
Oron et al. [11]20188420%Levothyroxine requirement found to be predictive. M/F ratio: 1.43 for TCH vs. 0.86 for PCH.
Higuchi et al. [12]20193050%Levothyroxine requirement found to be predictive. M/F ratio: 0.9 for TCH vs. 1.4 for PCH (not significant).
Park et al. [13]20198089%Levothyroxine requirement found to be predictive. M/F ratio: 0.97 for TCH vs. 0.55 for PCH. Malformations rate not reported.
Asena et al. [14]202018629%Levothyroxine requirement found to be predictive.
Long et al. [15]202019045%Mutations related to thyroid dysgenesis are more likely to have PCH. M/F ratio: 1.09 for TCH vs. 1.1 for PCH. (not significant).
Chen et al. [16]202150866%Levothyroxine requirement and familial history of CH found to be predictive. M/F ratio: 1.22 for TCH vs. 1.58 for PCH (not significant).
Current study20215547%M/F ratio: 0.86 for TCH vs. 3.1 for PCH. TSH above 60 mcUI/mL and fT4 inferior to 7.2 pg/mL at diagnosis and levothyroxine requirement above 2.25 mcg/kg/day found to be predictive of PCH.
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Tuli, G.; Munarin, J.; De Sanctis, L. Diagnostic Re-Evaluation and Potential Predictor Factors of Transient and Permanent Congenital Hypothyroidism in Eutopic Thyroid Gland. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 5583. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235583

AMA Style

Tuli G, Munarin J, De Sanctis L. Diagnostic Re-Evaluation and Potential Predictor Factors of Transient and Permanent Congenital Hypothyroidism in Eutopic Thyroid Gland. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(23):5583. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235583

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tuli, Gerdi, Jessica Munarin, and Luisa De Sanctis. 2021. "Diagnostic Re-Evaluation and Potential Predictor Factors of Transient and Permanent Congenital Hypothyroidism in Eutopic Thyroid Gland" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 23: 5583. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235583

APA Style

Tuli, G., Munarin, J., & De Sanctis, L. (2021). Diagnostic Re-Evaluation and Potential Predictor Factors of Transient and Permanent Congenital Hypothyroidism in Eutopic Thyroid Gland. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(23), 5583. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235583

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