Immune Responses against the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2 after a Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH): Comparison with Healthcare Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Study Design
2.2. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
2.3. Assessment of Neutralizing Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2
2.4. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cell Responses
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Specific IgG and Neutralizing Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2
3.3. SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cell Responses
3.4. Vaccine Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Study Population
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PLWH (n = 29) | Healthcare Workers (n = 114) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Male, n (%) | 28 (96.6) | 38 (33.3) | <0.001 |
Age, median (IQR) | 44 (34–56) | 35 (26–45) | 0.001 |
Vaccine regimen | 0.41 | ||
Homologous a | 17 (58.6) | 57 (50.0) | |
mRNA | 17 | 57 | |
Adenovirus-vector | 0 | 0 | |
Heterologous | 12 (41.4) | 57 (50.0) | |
Ad-Ad-mRNA | 8 | 57 | |
Ad-mRNA-mRNA | 4 | 0 | |
HIV status | |||
Duration after HIV diagnosis, years | 11.0 (7.5–13.0) | - | - |
Duration after HIV treatment, years | 9.0 (6.5–12.0) | - | - |
White blood cell, /μL | 6200 (5185–7245) | - | - |
Lymphocytes, % | 36.0 (30.2–42.8) | - | - |
CD4 lymphocytes | 670.0 (527.1–830.3) | - | - |
<20 copies/mL of HIV RNA, n (%) | 25 (86.2) | - | - |
Underlying diseases or conditions | |||
Malignancy | 4 (13.8) | 0 | 0.001 |
Chemotherapy | 1 (3.4) | 0 | 0.20 |
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Park, J.H.; Chung, H.; Kim, M.-C.; Choi, S.-H.; Chung, J.-W. Immune Responses against the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2 after a Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH): Comparison with Healthcare Workers. Vaccines 2022, 10, 2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122129
Park JH, Chung H, Kim M-C, Choi S-H, Chung J-W. Immune Responses against the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2 after a Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH): Comparison with Healthcare Workers. Vaccines. 2022; 10(12):2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122129
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Joung Ha, Hyemin Chung, Min-Chul Kim, Seong-Ho Choi, and Jin-Won Chung. 2022. "Immune Responses against the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2 after a Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH): Comparison with Healthcare Workers" Vaccines 10, no. 12: 2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122129