Use of Parsing Heuristics in the Comprehension of Passive Sentences: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Good Enough Comprehension
1.2. Comprehension in Dyslexia
1.3. Individual Differences
1.4. Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Standardised Measures
2.2.1. Rapid Automatised Naming
2.2.2. Working Memory
2.2.3. Verbal Intelligence
2.3. Sentence Processing
2.4. Apparatus
2.5. Design and Procedure
2.6. Data Screening and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comprehension Accuracy
3.1.1. Individual Differences
3.2. Eye Movements
3.2.1. Total Reading Times
3.2.2. Individual Differences
3.2.3. Regressions per Sentence
3.2.4. Individual Differences
4. Discussion
4.1. Comprehension Accuracy
4.2. Reading Times
4.3. Parsing Heuristics and Good Enough Comprehension
4.4. Themes of the Special Issue
4.5. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Actives | |
---|---|
1. The dog bit the man. (Plausible) | Did the man bite the dog? |
2. The man bit the dog. (Implausible) | Did the dog bite the man? |
Passives | |
3. The man was bitten by the dog. (Plausible) | Did the man bite the dog? |
4. The dog was bitten by the man. (Implausible) | Did the dog bite the man? |
Controls (n = 50) | Dyslexia (n = 50) | t-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
Age (years) | 20.31 (1.22) | 21.7 (2.67) | t (98) = 3.34 *** |
Gender (% men) | 8 | 34 | t (98) = 3.33 *** |
RAN Letters (seconds) | 12.46 (2.59) | 16.50 (6.20) | t (98) = 4.25 *** |
RAN Numbers (seconds) | 11.44 (2.43) | 15.26 (5.29) | t (98) = 4.64 *** |
Similarities | 93.5 (8.65) | 98.8 (11.76) | t (98) = −2.57 * |
Vocabulary | 99.9 (9.18) | 101.3 (9.02) | t (98) = −0.77 |
Comprehension | 93.5 (10.70) | 94.3 (9.31) | t (98) = 0.40 |
Verbal IQ (latent) | 0.152 (0.98) | 0.152 (1.00) | t (98) = −1.53 |
Rotation Span | 17.7 (7.23) | 16.9 (8.04) | t (98) = 0.51 |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age | - | 0.35 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.19 # | −0.06 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
2. Gender | - | 0.32 ** | 0.13 | 0.30 ** | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.11 | |
3. Dyslexia Status | - | −0.05 | 0.15 | −0.29 ** | −0.18 # | −0.07 | −0.20 # | ||
4. Rotation Span | - | −0.04 | 0.26 ** | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.20 * | |||
5. Verbal Skills | - | 0.03 | 0.27 ** | 0.10 | 0.13 | ||||
6. Active-plausible | - | 0.37 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.45 ** | |||||
7. Active-implausible | - | 0.26 ** | 0.34 ** | ||||||
8. Passive-plausible | - | 0.39 ** | |||||||
9. Passive-implausible | - |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age | - | 0.35 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.16 | 0.04 | −0.07 | −0.07 | 0.00 | −0.02 |
2. Gender | - | 0.32 ** | 0.13 | 0.30 ** | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.17 | |
3. Dyslexia Status | - | −0.05 | 0.15 | 0.33 ** | 0.26 * | 0.27 ** | 0.31 ** | ||
4. Rotation Span | - | −0.04 | −0.33 ** | −0.27 ** | −0.10 | −0.19 | |||
5. Verbal Skills | - | −0.08 | −0.12 | −0.02 | 0.08 | ||||
6. Active-plausible | - | 0.72 ** | 0.67 ** | 0.73 ** | |||||
7. Active-implausible | - | 0.60 ** | 0.69 ** | ||||||
8. Passive-plausible | - | 0.73 ** | |||||||
9. Passive-implausible | - |
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Stella, M.; Engelhardt, P.E. Use of Parsing Heuristics in the Comprehension of Passive Sentences: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 209. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020209
Stella M, Engelhardt PE. Use of Parsing Heuristics in the Comprehension of Passive Sentences: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12(2):209. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020209
Chicago/Turabian StyleStella, Marianna, and Paul E. Engelhardt. 2022. "Use of Parsing Heuristics in the Comprehension of Passive Sentences: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences" Brain Sciences 12, no. 2: 209. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020209
APA StyleStella, M., & Engelhardt, P. E. (2022). Use of Parsing Heuristics in the Comprehension of Passive Sentences: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences. Brain Sciences, 12(2), 209. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020209