Power Allocation of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Based on Dynamic User Priority for Indoor QoS-Guaranteed Visible Light Communication Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. System Model
2.2. Dynamic User Priority
2.3. QoS-Guaranteed NOMA-VLC GRPA
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Experimental Conditions and Parameters
- To determine the performance difference between static and dynamic user priorities, we performed comparisons among NOMA FL, NOMA PLS and NOMA FTPA.
- To demonstrate the performance difference between NOMA and OMA, we measured NOMA FL and OFDMA FL with the same dynamic user priority.
- Case 1 (analysis of FL dimensions): Without considering QoS requirements, PLS and FTPA can equivalently be regarded as two-dimension considerations of the channel gain and outage. For two dimensions of FL features, we performed experiments regarding the user data rate and user satisfaction in NOMA FL and OFDMA FL without QoS constraints. In this case, we discovered that PLS and FTPA cannot successfully guarantee the QoS, and that the maximization of throughput is not equivalent to the provision of QoS data rate.
- Case 2 (analysis of the variety of QoS): For the three complete FL features, comparing PLS with FTPA, NOMA FL revealed the difference between dynamic and static user priorities. In regard to the comparison of NOMA FL with the dynamic user priority of OFDMA FL, NOMA FL was able to accommodate QoS requirements to show a difference in system performance. In this case, regarding the tradeoff between user data rate and QoS guarantee, we introduced the commonly used evaluation measure of QoS guarantee to demonstrate the clear advantages of FL.
- Case 3 (analysis of VLC lighting): In different visible lighting conditions, we showed the relationship between the FOV angle of illumination and the performance of the communication schemes. In this case, combined with VLC UDN, we considered both high user density and area user traffic demands to show the advantage of FL.
- Evaluation indicators: the average user data rate (AUDR), Jain fairness [27], max-min fairness [5,27] and user satisfaction [25] were introduced. Jain fairness was used to evaluate the impartiality of the user data rate and max-min fairness focused on the guaranteed baseline of the QoS data rate. User satisfaction [21,28] is a comprehensive evaluation indicator that consides both data rate and fairness.
3.2. Case 1: Experimental Analysis in FL dimensions
3.3. Case 2: Experimental Analysis of QoS Guarantee
3.3.1. User Satisfaction
- The tradeoff between the AUDR and QoS guarantee exists in VLC networks. Only AUDR cannot reflect the performance of QoS provision.
- The measurement of AUDR is one-sided, which is not enough to indicate the degree of users’ QoS satisfaction. To discuss the QoS guarantee, user satisfaction should be considered to comprehensively evaluate the performance of FL in QoS provision.
3.3.2. QoS Variety
3.3.3. Fairness
3.4. Case 3: Experimental Analysis of VLC Lighting
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AP | Access point |
AUDR | Average user data rate |
CDF | Cumulative distribution function |
FL | Fuzzy logic |
FOV | Field of vision |
FTPA | Fractional transmit power allocation |
GRPA | Gain ratio power allocation |
ISD | Inter-site distance |
ITU-R | International telecommunications union-radio |
LED | Light-emitting diode |
LiFi | Light fidelity |
LOS | Line of sight |
Mbps | Megabits per second |
MF | Membership function |
NOMA | Non-orthogonal multiple access |
OFDMA | Orthogonal frequency division multiple access |
OMA | Orthogonal multiple access |
OOK | On-off keying |
OWC | Optical wireless communication |
Probability density function | |
PLS | Power law strategy |
QoS | Quality of service |
SIC | Successive interference cancellation |
SINR | Signal interference plus noise ratio |
UDN | Ultra dense network |
VLC | Visible light communication |
WiFi | Wireless fidelity |
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Input Variables of Three Features | Grades |
---|---|
VLC channel gain | (Low, Medium, High) |
User desired data rate | (Low, Low-Medium, Medium-High, High) |
NOMA-VLC outage probability | (Low, Medium, High) |
No. | VLC Channel Gain | Desired Rate | Outage Probability | User Priority |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | - | High | Low | High |
2 | Not Low | Med-High | Low | High |
3 | - | High | Not Low | Med |
4 | High | Med-High | Not Low | Med |
5 | Low | Med-High | Low | Med |
6 | - | Low-Med | Low | Med |
7 | Not High | Med-High | High | Low |
8 | - | Low-Med | High | Low |
9 | - | Low | - | Low |
Symbol | Value | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Received area | m2 | Received height | m |
8 W | 0.47 | ||
Bandwidth | 25 MHz | /Hz | |
1 | n | 1.5 | |
Description | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Influence factor Features | FL dimensions , | QoS, , QoS, | Layout with light angles |
NOMA FL | Dynamic (, ) | Dynamic (, QoS, ) | |
NOMA PLS | Static (, ) | Static (, ) | |
NOMA FTPA | Static (, ) | Static (, ) | |
OFDMA FL | Dynamic (, ) | Dynamic (, QoS, ) |
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Tao, S.; Yu, H.; Li, Q.; Bai, X.; Tang, Y. Power Allocation of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Based on Dynamic User Priority for Indoor QoS-Guaranteed Visible Light Communication Networks. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1219. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081219
Tao S, Yu H, Li Q, Bai X, Tang Y. Power Allocation of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Based on Dynamic User Priority for Indoor QoS-Guaranteed Visible Light Communication Networks. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(8):1219. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081219
Chicago/Turabian StyleTao, Siyu, Hongyi Yu, Qing Li, Xiangwei Bai, and Yanqun Tang. 2018. "Power Allocation of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Based on Dynamic User Priority for Indoor QoS-Guaranteed Visible Light Communication Networks" Applied Sciences 8, no. 8: 1219. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081219