Thermal and Performance Analysis of a Photovoltaic Module with an Integrated Energy Storage System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Thermal Model of a Single PV Module
2.1. Models
- One-dimensional (1D) thermal models.
- Isothermal surface was approximated as a flux node, so edge effects were neglected.
- Negligible thermal capacitances [10].
- Material properties of PV module layers were constant, as shown in Table 1.
- PV cell temperature was considered uniform due to the higher value of its thermal conductivity (k) compared to any of the other layers.
- Apparent sky temperature Ts was calculated according to [11]:
- Ground temperature (on the back side of the PV module) was equal to air temperature (Tg = Ta).
- Convective heat exchange coefficients were evaluated with empirical formulations and it was assumed that wind flowed around the module, both front and back sides [12].
- Reflection (ρ), transmission (τ), and absorption (α) coefficients were independent from temperature.
- Internal reflection phenomena between the layers of PV module were neglected.
- Emissivity of surfaces were independent from temperature and wavelength, values are given in Table 2.
- According to the radiative heat transfer, the view factor was assumed to be unity. With this approximation, the front surface of PV module saw only the sky, whereas the back surface saw only the ground. Radiative heat exchange coefficients were simplified by this assumption.
- All surfaces had the same area A of the PV module: A = 1.31 m2 in the case study.
- Batteries did not produce any heat flow while charging or discharging (battery losses were neglected).
2.2. Thermal Balance Equations
2.3. Convective and Radiative Coefficients
3. Models Results and Measurements
3.1. Simulink Thermal Models
3.2. Thermal Model Validation
4. Temperature Extrapolation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Layer’s Material | s [mm] | k [W/(m·K)] | ρ | τ | α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glass | 4.0 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.88 | 0.02 |
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) | 0.4 | 0.35 | - | 0.97 | 0.03 |
Silicon PV cell | 0.4 | 150 | - | - | 1 |
Backsheet | 0.3 | 0.3 | - | - | 1 |
ε | |
---|---|
PV module front surface (glass) (f) | 0.91 |
PV module back surface (backsheet) (b) | 0.85 |
Sky | 0.91 |
Ground | 0.94 |
Polished aluminum plates | 0.04 |
Commercial PV Module | Modified PV Module with Integrated Energy Sotrage | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
°C | W/m2 | Without Batteries (°C) | Area Covered by Batteries (°C) | Area Not Covered by Batt. (°C) | avg (°C) | (°C) | |||||||||
Ta | Gn | Tf | Tc,pv | Tb | Tf | Tc | Tb | Tbatt-b | Tbatt-g | Tf | Tc | Tb | Tc,pv+batt | ΔT | |
January | 2.9 | 741 | 26.6 | 27.7 | 27.2 | 42.6 | 44.6 | 44.5 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 33.9 | 35.4 | 35.1 | 38.9 | 11.2 |
February | 5.8 | 869 | 33.4 | 34.8 | 34.1 | 52.0 | 54.3 | 54.2 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 41.7 | 43.4 | 43.0 | 47.5 | 12.8 |
March | 12.1 | 994 | 42.7 | 44.3 | 43.6 | 63.6 | 66.2 | 66.1 | 20.3 | 20.3 | 51.5 | 53.5 | 53.0 | 58.3 | 14.0 |
April | 17.0 | 1079 | 49.6 | 51.3 | 50.5 | 71.6 | 74.4 | 74.3 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 58.6 | 60.7 | 60.2 | 65.9 | 14.6 |
May | 21.5 | 1106 | 54.2 | 55.9 | 55.6 | 76.4 | 79.3 | 79.2 | 30.3 | 30.2 | 63.0 | 65.2 | 64.6 | 70.5 | 14.6 |
June | 26.3 | 1107 | 58.5 | 60.2 | 59.4 | 80.0 | 82.9 | 82.8 | 34.8 | 34.8 | 66.9 | 69.1 | 68.5 | 74.3 | 14.1 |
July | 28.9 | 1107 | 60.7 | 62.4 | 61.6 | 82.0 | 84.9 | 84.8 | 37.3 | 37.3 | 68.9 | 71.1 | 70.5 | 76.3 | 13.9 |
August | 28.3 | 1095 | 59.8 | 61.6 | 60.7 | 81.0 | 83.8 | 83.8 | 36.6 | 36.6 | 68.0 | 70.2 | 69.7 | 75.4 | 13.8 |
September | 24.1 | 1034 | 54.4 | 56.1 | 55.3 | 74.8 | 77.5 | 77.4 | 32.2 | 32.1 | 62.5 | 64.6 | 64.1 | 69.5 | 13.4 |
October | 17.0 | 914 | 44.5 | 45.9 | 45.6 | 63.2 | 65.6 | 65.5 | 24.6 | 24.6 | 52.3 | 54.1 | 53.7 | 58.5 | 12.5 |
November | 10.0 | 777 | 33.9 | 35.2 | 34.7 | 50.4 | 52.4 | 52.3 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 41.2 | 42.8 | 42.4 | 46.4 | 11.2 |
December | 4.8 | 701 | 26.9 | 28.0 | 27.5 | 41.8 | 43.6 | 43.6 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 33.8 | 35.2 | 34.9 | 38.4 | 10.4 |
Temperatures (°C) | Power | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tc,pv | Tc,pv+batt | ΔT | ΔP% | |
January | 24.3 | 34.1 | 9.8 | −5.1 |
February | 30.9 | 42.1 | 11.2 | −5.8 |
March | 40.0 | 52.3 | 12.3 | −6.4 |
April | 46.7 | 59.6 | 12.9 | −6.7 |
May | 51.4 | 64.3 | 12.9 | −6.7 |
June | 55.7 | 68.2 | 12.4 | −6.5 |
July | 58.0 | 70.2 | 12.3 | −6.4 |
August | 57.1 | 69.3 | 12.2 | −6.3 |
September | 51.8 | 63.6 | 11.8 | −6.1 |
October | 42.0 | 53.0 | 11.0 | −5.7 |
November | 31.8 | 41.5 | 9.8 | −5.1 |
December | 24.8 | 33.8 | 9.1 | −4.7 |
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Hammami, M.; Torretti, S.; Grimaccia, F.; Grandi, G. Thermal and Performance Analysis of a Photovoltaic Module with an Integrated Energy Storage System. Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7111107
Hammami M, Torretti S, Grimaccia F, Grandi G. Thermal and Performance Analysis of a Photovoltaic Module with an Integrated Energy Storage System. Applied Sciences. 2017; 7(11):1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7111107
Chicago/Turabian StyleHammami, Manel, Simone Torretti, Francesco Grimaccia, and Gabriele Grandi. 2017. "Thermal and Performance Analysis of a Photovoltaic Module with an Integrated Energy Storage System" Applied Sciences 7, no. 11: 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7111107
APA StyleHammami, M., Torretti, S., Grimaccia, F., & Grandi, G. (2017). Thermal and Performance Analysis of a Photovoltaic Module with an Integrated Energy Storage System. Applied Sciences, 7(11), 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7111107