Relationship Between Vertical Facial Patterns and Palatal Morphology in Class I and Class II Malocclusion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
- 0° ≤ ANB ≤ 4° (74 Class I patients);
- ANB > 4° (123 Class II patients).
- SN-MP < 27.3° (35 hypodivergent subjects);
- SN-MP = 32.5° ± 5.2° (58 normodivergent subjects);
- SN-MP > 37.7° (30 hyperdivergent subjects).
2.2. Measurment
- Anterior palatal height, between the median palatine suture and the line that connects the most apical points of the dental–gingival junction of the upper canines in verticality.
- Posterior palatal height, equally measured but at the intermolar level.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. First Statistical Comparison
3.2. Second Statistical Comparison
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Palatal posterior height was greater in Class II subjects than Class I ones;
- Palatal surface area was significantly greater in Class II participants than in Class II ones;
- Sagittal patterns are therefore related to differences in the morphology of the palate;
- Intermolar distance was greater in hypodivergent Class II subjects when compared to hypodivergent ones of the same class;
- Vertical growth patterns are therefore related to the transverse growth of the maxilla in skeletal Class II.
- Volume showed no statistical significance in either comparison;
- Class II hyperdivergent patients showed a narrower palate than Class II hypodivergent patients, deeper than Class I;
- Morphological differences should be considered for the design and use of orthodontic palatal devices.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measures | Cephalometric Visualization |
---|---|
SNA | |
SNB | |
ANB | |
FMA | |
FMIA | |
IMPA | |
PFH (Post Face Ht) | |
AFH (Ant Face Ht) | |
FHI (Index Post/Ant) | |
SN-MP | |
OCCLUSAL PLANE ANGLE | |
UFH | |
LFH | |
CSV |
Measures | Measurement Unit | Definition |
---|---|---|
Intercanine distance (U3) | mm | Distance between the most apical dental–gingival point of the upper canine to the same point of the contralateral canine. |
Interpremolar distance (U4) | mm | Distance between the most apical dental–gingival point of the upper first premolar to the same point of the contralateral first premolar. |
Intermolar distance (U6) | mm | Distance between the most apical dental–gingival point of the upper first molar to the same point of the contralateral first molar. |
Palatal length | mm | Distance from the most anterior point along the median palatine suture of the palatal scan to the most posterior point along the palate. |
Anterior palatal height | mm | Millimetric distance between the palate and the line that connects the most apical points of the dental–gingival junction of the upper canines in verticality. |
Posterior palatal length | mm | Millimetric distance between the palate and the line that connects the most apical points of the dental–gingival junction of the upper first molars in verticality. |
Palatal surface area | mm2 | Palatal area of the surface obtained by connecting the most apical points of the dental–gingival junction of all erupted teeth. |
Palatal volume | mm3 | Volume that falls inside the palatine vault, placing the most distal part of the palate (previously cut) on the reference grid. |
Variables | Class I | Class II | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Intercanine distance (mm) | 25.12 | 1.91 | 24.87 | 2.22 | 0.411 a |
Interpremolar distance(mm) | 26.93 | 1.85 | 27.19 | 2.34 | 0.384 b |
Intermolar distance (mm) | 33.34 | 2.82 | 33.48 | 2.67 | 0.742 a |
Palatal depth (mm) | 31.99 | 2.07 | 31.41 | 2.96 | 0.113 b |
Anterior palatal height (mm) | 4.65 | 1.82 | 5.05 | 1.88 | 0.143 a |
Posterior palatal height (mm) | 15.54 | 2.04 | 16.34 | 2.51 | 0.021 a |
Variables | Class I | Class II | p |
---|---|---|---|
Median (min;max) | Median (min;max) | ||
Area (mm2) | 1290.09 (841.17;1561.94) | 1235.44 (827.11;10,001.50) | 0.026 |
Volume (mm3) | 5995.08 (3411.47;8999.72) | 5865.62 (2416.07;59,844.61) | 0.386 |
Variables | Hypodivergent | Normodivergent | Hyperdivergent | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Intercanine distance (mm) | 24.97 | 2.31 | 25.17 | 2.09 | 24.16 | 2.28 | 0.122 |
Interpremolar distance (mm) | 27.56 | 2.31 | 27.33 | 2.13 | 26.48 | 2.67 | 0.142 |
Intermolar distance (mm) | 34.36 | 2.34 | 33.39 | 2.72 | 32.59 | 2.71 | 0.026 |
Palatal depth (mm) | 31.42 | 2.78 | 31.44 | 3.38 | 31.35 | 2.31 | 0.991 |
Palatal anterior height (mm) | 4.67 | 1.62 | 5.27 | 1.98 | 5.06 | 1.96 | 0.336 |
Palatal posterior height (mm) | 16.37 | 2.26 | 16.07 | 2.45 | 16.81 | 2.89 | 0.422 |
Variables | Hypodivergent | Normodivergent | Hyperdivergent | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Median (min;max) | Median (min;max) | Median (min;max) | ||
Area (mm2) | 1235.44 (934.12;10,001.50) | 1239.14 (827.11;1641.60) | 1226.17 (879.64;1497.83) | 0.896 |
Volume (mm3) | 5754.49 (3516.42;7741.19) | 6070.57 (2416.07;59,844.61) | 5592.83 (3492.51;8399.65) | 0.544 |
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Tucci, I.; Sferra, S.; Giuliante, L.; Scribante, A.; Mannocci, A.; Grippaudo, C. Relationship Between Vertical Facial Patterns and Palatal Morphology in Class I and Class II Malocclusion. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020604
Tucci I, Sferra S, Giuliante L, Scribante A, Mannocci A, Grippaudo C. Relationship Between Vertical Facial Patterns and Palatal Morphology in Class I and Class II Malocclusion. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(2):604. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020604
Chicago/Turabian StyleTucci, Ilaria, Simone Sferra, Luca Giuliante, Andrea Scribante, Alice Mannocci, and Cristina Grippaudo. 2025. "Relationship Between Vertical Facial Patterns and Palatal Morphology in Class I and Class II Malocclusion" Applied Sciences 15, no. 2: 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020604
APA StyleTucci, I., Sferra, S., Giuliante, L., Scribante, A., Mannocci, A., & Grippaudo, C. (2025). Relationship Between Vertical Facial Patterns and Palatal Morphology in Class I and Class II Malocclusion. Applied Sciences, 15(2), 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020604