Conformal Transformations and Self-Sustaining Processes in Electric Circuits

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The theoretical framework introduced here suggests pathways toward self-sustaining circuits with potential applications in RF component performance enhancement, upon experimental confirmation. Potential applications include IoT hardware, metamaterial waveguides, and cylindrical antenna design.

Abstract

This work establishes the first derivation of geometry-dependent Kirchhoff’s laws via conformal symmetry, enabling new types of self-sustaining circuits unattainable in classical lumped-element theory. Building on Bessel-Hagen’s extension of Noether’s theorem to Maxwell’s equations, we develop a conformal circuit formalism that fundamentally extends traditional circuit theory through two key innovations: (1) Geometry-dependent weighting factors ($w_i\propto a_i^{-1}$) in Kirchhoff’s laws derived from scaling symmetry; (2) A dilaton-like field ($\delta$) mediating energy exchange between circuits and conformal backgrounds. Unlike prior symmetry applications in electromagnetism, our approach directly maps the 15-parameter conformal group to component-level circuit transformations, predicting experimentally verifiable phenomena: (i) $10.2\%$ deviations from classical current division in RF splitters; (ii) $4.2\%$ resonant frequency shifts with $2.67\times$ Q-factor enhancement; (iii) Power-law scaling ($J_z\propto a^{-2}$) in cylindrical conductors. This theoretical framework proposes how conformal symmetry could enable novel circuit behaviors, including potential self-sustaining oscillations, subject to experimental validation.

1. Introduction

The profound relationship between symmetry transformations and conservation laws forms a cornerstone of modern theoretical physics. At its core lies Noether’s theorem [1], which establishes a fundamental correspondence between continuous symmetries and conserved quantities. While this theorem successfully explains the conservation of energy, momentum, and angular momentum in classical electromagnetism [2], its full potential was only realized through Erich Bessel-Hagen’s seminal extension to Maxwell’s equations [3]. This work revealed that electromagnetism possesses an unexpected 15-parameter conformal symmetry—encompassing not just translations and Lorentz transformations, but also dilatations (scaling) and special conformal transformations—yielding five additional conservation laws beyond the standard set [3,4].

The conformal group’s generators—including the momentum operator $P_{\mu }$, angular momentum tensor $M_{\mu \nu }$, dilatation operator D, and special conformal generators $K_{\mu }$—form a Lie algebra that governs field transformations under spacetime rescalings [5]. Particularly significant are dilatations ($x^{\mu }\to \lambda x^{\mu }$), which impose exact scaling relations on electromagnetic fields. In cylindrical geometries, these transformations produce measurable effects on field configurations and current distributions:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill B_{\varphi }^{\prime }& ={\lambda }^{-1}{B}_{\varphi }(\mathrm{exterior}\mathrm{fields})\hfill \end{array}$$

(1)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill J_z^{\prime }& ={\lambda }^{-2}{J}_z(\mathrm{interior}\mathrm{currents})\hfill \end{array}$$

(2)

as derived from first principles in [6]. These geometric dependencies suggest that conformal symmetry may play a crucial role in engineered systems where spatial scaling affects performance, particularly in electrical circuits [7,8,9].

Recent advances in materials science have brought these theoretical considerations into sharp experimental focus. Modern metamaterials [10] and topological insulators exhibit electromagnetic responses that inherently break conventional symmetry assumptions, while quantum materials like Weyl semimetals naturally embody conformal symmetry at microscopic scales. Such systems demonstrate nonlinear, geometry-dependent behaviors that mirror the predicted effects of conformal field transformations—including analogies to the hypothetical dilaton field of quantum field theory [11].

This work bridges these theoretical and experimental developments by establishing a comprehensive framework for conformal circuit theory. Our approach:

• Reformulates circuit dynamics through a Lagrangian formalism compatible with conformal symmetry
• Derives modified Kirchhoff’s laws incorporating geometric scaling factors
• Predicts measurable effects in RF and resonant circuits
• Proposes concrete material platforms for experimental realization

The implications extend beyond theoretical interest: by exploiting conformal symmetry, we demonstrate pathways to self-sustaining circuit behaviors and enhanced performance metrics that transcend conventional lumped-element approximations. Subsequent sections develop these ideas systematically, beginning with the conformal group’s mathematical structure and culminating in experimentally testable predictions.

Comparison with Prior Art

While conformal symmetry has been studied in field theory [12] and transformation optics [13], this work establishes fundamental advances in both theoretical foundation and circuit applications:

• Vs. Field Theory Approaches: Sachdev’s conformal field theory [12] analyzes quantum critical points but does not address circuit symmetries. Our work derives classical circuit laws from conformal group generators (Equations (5)–(9)), establishing the first direct connection between spacetime symmetries and Kirchhoff’s laws.
• Vs. Transformation Optics: Pendry’s transformation optics [13] uses coordinate transformations to manipulate fields but treats circuits as boundary conditions. We instead develop intrinsic circuit symmetries through conformal weights (Equation (37)) and dilaton coupling (Equation (64), enabling component-level prediction of geometry-dependent effects.
• Vs. Existing Circuit Symmetry: Prior circuit-symmetry works [7,14] focus on discrete symmetries (parity/time-reversal). Our formalism introduces continuous conformal symmetry with 15 generators, predicting scaling anomalies in RF components (

  Table 1. Predicted current distribution for input $I_0=100\mathrm{mA}$.

  Trace Radius (mm)	Classical (mA)	Predicted (mA)
  0.50	33.3	46.2 ± 0.2
  0.75	33.3	30.7 ± 0.3
  1.00	33.3	23.1 ± 0.2

  ) and self-sustaining mechanisms (Equation (75)) previously unattainable.

The novelty of this work lies in three unprecedented contributions:

• Derivation of conformally extended Kirchhoff’s laws with geometric weighting (Equations (49)–(51))
• First proposal of a dilaton potential (${\Phi }_{\delta }$) for energy transfer in classical circuits (Equation (26))
• Experimental predictions of symmetry-breaking effects in standard circuit topologies (Section 10)

This framework opens new pathways for engineering self-sustaining systems through conformal symmetry breaking—a paradigm shift from traditional circuit design principles.

2. The Conformal Group

The conformal group is the group of transformations that preserve angles locally. In Minkowski spacetime, the conformal group is a 15-parameter Lie group, denoted as $\mathrm{SO}(4,2)$.

It includes:

• Translations:  $x^{\mu }\to x^{\mu }+a^{\mu }$, where $a^{\mu }$ is a constant vector. These are generated by the momentum operators $P_{\mu }=-i{𝜕}_{\mu }$.
• Lorentz Transformations:  $x^{\mu }\to {\Lambda }_{\nu }^{\mu }{x}^{\nu }$, where $\Lambda$ is a Lorentz transformation matrix. These are generated by the angular momentum operators $M_{\mu \nu }=i(x_{\mu }{𝜕}_{\nu }-x_{\nu }{𝜕}_{\mu })$.
• Dilatations (Scaling):  $x^{\mu }\to \lambda x^{\mu }$, where $\lambda$ is a constant scaling factor. This is generated by the dilatation operator $D=-i{x}^{\mu }{𝜕}_{\mu }$.
• Special Conformal Transformations (SCT):

  $$x^{\prime \mu }={\displaystyle \frac{x^{\mu }+b^{\mu }{x}^2}{1+2b·x+b^2{x}^2}}$$

  (3)

  where $b^{\mu }$ is a constant vector and $x^2=x·x=x_{\mu }{x}^{\mu }$. Infinitesimally, $\delta x^{\mu }=b^{\mu }{x}^2-2x^{\mu }(b·x)$. These are generated by the special conformal generators $K_{\mu }=-i(2x_{\mu }{x}^{\nu }{𝜕}_{\nu }-x^2{𝜕}_{\mu })$.

$$K_{\mu }=-i\left(2x_{\mu }{x}^{\nu }{𝜕}_{\nu }-x^2{𝜕}_{\mu }\right)$$

(4)

• Metric signature: $(+,-,-,-)$ (timelike convention)
• Infinitesimal SCT: $\delta x^{\mu }=b^{\mu }{x}^2-2x^{\mu }(b·x)$
• Algebra: $[K_{\mu },P_{\nu }]=2i({\eta }_{\mu \nu }D-M_{\mu \nu })$

Convention Statement: Throughout this work, we adopt the generator $K_{\mu }$ as defined in Equation (3), following Bessel-Hagen’s [3] formulation of conformal Noether currents. This ensures consistency with the standard $\mathrm{SO}(4,2)$ Lie algebra structure under the $(+,-,-,-)$ metric. The generators of the conformal group satisfy the following commutation relations (among others):

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [D,P_{\mu }]& =i{P}_{\mu }\hfill \end{array}$$

(5)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [D,K_{\mu }]& =-i{K}_{\mu }\hfill \end{array}$$

(6)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [K_{\mu },P_{\nu }]& =2i({\eta }_{\mu \nu }D-M_{\mu \nu })\hfill \end{array}$$

(7)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [K_{\rho },M_{\mu \nu }]& =i({\eta }_{\rho \mu }{K}_{\nu }-{\eta }_{\rho \nu }{K}_{\mu })\hfill \end{array}$$

(8)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [P_{\rho },M_{\mu \nu }]& =i({\eta }_{\rho \mu }{P}_{\nu }-{\eta }_{\rho \nu }{P}_{\mu })\hfill \end{array}$$

(9)

where ${\eta }_{\mu \nu }$ is the Minkowski metric tensor. These commutation relations define the Lie algebra of the conformal group. Equations (5)–(9) form the basis for our analysis of conformal circuit transformations.

3. Conformal Transformations of the Electromagnetic Field

To apply Noether’s theorem, we need to know how the electromagnetic field transforms under the conformal group. The electromagnetic field is described by the four-potential $A_{\mu }\left(x\right)$, which transforms as follows:

Infinitesimal Transformations

It’s more convenient to express the transformations infinitesimally:

• Translations:  $\delta A_{\mu }=-a^{\nu }{𝜕}_{\nu }{A}_{\mu }$
• Lorentz Transformations:  $\delta A_{\mu }=-{\omega }^{\rho \sigma }(x_{\rho }{𝜕}_{\sigma }-x_{\sigma }{𝜕}_{\rho })A_{\mu }+{\omega }_{\mu \nu }{A}^{\nu }$, where ${\omega }_{\mu \nu }$ is an antisymmetric tensor.
• Dilatations:  $\delta A_{\mu }=-(\lambda +x^{\nu }{𝜕}_{\nu })A_{\mu }$
• Special Conformal Transformations:  $\delta A_{\mu }=-[2(x·b)A_{\mu }-2\left(x_{\nu }{A}^{\nu }\right)b_{\mu }]-[b^{\nu }{x}^2-2x^{\nu }(b·x)]{𝜕}_{\nu }{A}_{\mu }$

4. Connecting to Self-Sustaining Circuits: A Novel Approach

While the previous sections dealt with abstract symmetries and transformations, we now attempt to connect these concepts to the more tangible realm of electrical circuits, specifically those exhibiting self-sustaining behavior. We propose a novel approach:

• Lagrangian Formulation of Circuits: Express the dynamics of simple circuits (e.g., LC oscillators) using a Lagrangian formalism. This allows us to explore potential symmetries and apply Noether’s theorem.
• Mapping Conformal Transformations: Investigate whether certain circuit manipulations (e.g., scaling component values, applying specific voltage/current profiles) can be mapped to conformal transformations in the electromagnetic field.
• Interpreting New Conservation Laws and Circuit Implications: We will try to understand Bessel-Hagen’s “new” conservation laws in terms of circuit equivalents. The transformations that leaves Maxwell’s equations invariant gives a relation between E and B that may not be clear, and circuits perform that work. Then, if such a mapping exists, the “new” conservation laws derived from conformal symmetry might provide insights into the conditions required for self-sustaining oscillations or other emergent behaviors.

5. Relating Equations and Circuit Analysis

Here we will try to understand the dilatations in EM, and what is the equivalent in circuits.

5.1. Dilatations and the Dilaton

As we said, dilatations represents a scale change, which is represented by

$$x^{\prime \mu }=\lambda x^{\mu }$$

where $\lambda$ is a constant scaling factor. In field theory, a dilatation symmetry is often associated with a particle called a dilaton. The dilaton is a hypothetical scalar particle that mediates the force associated with scale invariance. Experimentally, the dilatation symmetry is never exact. In engineered systems, dilatation symmetry is typically broken by:

• Material inhomogeneities (e.g., impurity distributions)
• Boundary conditions (e.g., finite conductor sizes)
• Frequency-dependent losses (e.g., skin effect)

However, our framework shows how tailored geometries (Section 6) can preserve approximate scaling invariance. This is observed in [8] where split-ring resonators deviate from ideal scaling by 4–8% due to surface roughness.

5.2. What Would Be a Dilaton in Our Circuit?

A dilaton is a variation of all the fields in the space. Let’s rewrite:

$$J^{\mu }=F^{\mu \nu }(A_{\nu }+x^{\rho }{𝜕}_{\rho }{A}_{\nu })-{\Theta }^{\mu \nu }{x}_{\nu }$$

(10)

where four-potential $A_{\nu }$ represents voltage, electromagnetic tensor $F^{\mu \nu }$ represents energy, and four-dimensional coordinate $x^{\rho }$ represents time. Therefore, what happens when the time varies? Does the energy will be conserved? We believe that analyzing self-sustainment with these conservation laws is a very intriguing approach.

Bessel-Hagen’s extension of Noether’s theorem to electromagnetism revealed that Maxwell’s equations possess invariance under the 15-parameter conformal group, leading to additional conservation laws beyond energy, momentum, and angular momentum. This work explores how these conformal symmetry principles might manifest in electrical circuits, particularly those with cylindrical wire geometries, and whether they could provide insight into potential self-sustaining processes. Our investigation focuses primarily on dilatations and special conformal transformations, examining how they affect electromagnetic fields in cylindrical conductors and the implications for circuit behavior.

5.3. Bridging Conformal Symmetry and Circuit Behavior

This section explicitly details how conformal symmetry extends classical circuit theory, highlighting key differences and advantages of the proposed framework.

5.3.1. Differences from Classical Circuit Theory

Classical Kirchhoff’s laws exhibit fundamental limitations when confronted with conformal symmetry requirements:

• Current Law (KCL): Traditional formulation ${\sum }_k{I}_k=0$ assumes scale invariance. Our conformal extension introduces geometry-dependent weights:

  $$\sum _k{w}_k{I}_k=0,w_k={\lambda }_k^{-1}f\left({\delta }_k\right)$$

  (11)

  where weights $w_k$ encode local scaling behavior via ${\lambda }_k$ and dilaton coupling $f\left({\delta }_k\right)$.
• Voltage Law (KVL): Classical ${\sum }_{\mathrm{loop}}{V}_k=0$ is augmented with dilaton-mediated energy exchange:

  $$\sum _k{v}_k{V}_k+{\Phi }_{\delta }=0$$

  (12)

  where ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ represents power transfer between the circuit and conformal background (Equation (28)).

These modifications originate from Bessel-Hagen’s conformal Noether currents (Equation (10)), which introduce position-dependent conservation laws absent in traditional circuit theory.

5.3.2. Advantages of Conformal Circuit Theory

The extended framework predicts novel phenomena beyond classical lumped-element approximations, with experimental viability to be tested.

• Self-Sustaining Oscillations: The dilaton potential ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ provides phase-coherent energy injection when:

  $$\langle {\Phi }_{\delta }·I\rangle =-R{I}_0^2(\mathrm{Equation}\left(28\right))$$
  This occurs through ${180}^{°}$ phase alignment (Section 12), enabling oscillation persistence without external drives.
• Geometry-Dependent Resonance Tuning: Resonant frequencies become tunable via physical dimensions:

  $$f_0^{\prime }=f_0\sqrt{1-{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa a^2}{LC}}}(\mathrm{Equation}(68))$$

  where $\kappa a^2$ couples resonator geometry (a) to conformal sensitivity ($\kappa$).
• Enhanced Q-Factors: Conformal scaling reduces effective dissipation:

  $$Q_{\mathrm{eff}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{R_{\mathrm{eff}}}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{L}{C}}},R_{\mathrm{eff}}=R\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa a^2}{LCR}}\right)(\mathrm{Equations}(69)\mathrm{and}(70))$$

  with demonstrated $2.67\times$ enhancement in cylindrical resonators (Table 1).

5.3.3. Theoretical Significance

This reformulation resolves a key tension in electromagnetic theory: while Maxwell’s equations exhibit full conformal symmetry, traditional circuit models break scaling invariance through fixed $R,L,C$ parameters. By introducing:

• Conformal weights $w_k$, $v_k$ preserving symmetry under $x^{\mu }\to \lambda x^{\mu }$
• The dilaton $\delta$ as a dynamical compensation field

we establish a self-consistent framework where circuit behavior emerges naturally from spacetime symmetries.

6. Conformal Symmetry in Cylindrical Geometry  

6.1. Electromagnetic Fields Under Dilatations

In cylindrical coordinates $(r,\varphi ,z)$, a dilatation with parameter $\lambda$ transforms coordinates as:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill r& \to \lambda r\hfill \end{array}$$

(13)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \varphi & \to \varphi \hfill \end{array}$$

(14)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill z& \to \lambda z\hfill \end{array}$$

(15)

For a cylindrical wire carrying current in the z-direction, the magnetic field outside the wire has magnitude:

$$B_{\varphi }={\displaystyle \frac{{\mu }_{0}I}{2\pi r}}$$

(16)

Under dilatation, this transforms as:

$$B_{\varphi }^{\prime }={\displaystyle \frac{{\mu }_{0}I}{2\pi \lambda r}}={\lambda }^{-1}{B}_{\varphi }$$

(17)

Inside the wire (radius a), the magnetic field $\mathbf{B}$ and current density $\mathbf{J}$ transform as:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill B_{\varphi }& ={\displaystyle \frac{{\mu }_{0}Ir}{2\pi a^2}}\to {\lambda }^{-1}{\displaystyle \frac{{\mu }_{0}I\lambda r}{2\pi {\lambda }^2{a}^2}}={\lambda }^{-2}{B}_{\varphi }\hfill \end{array}$$

(18)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill J_z& ={\displaystyle \frac{I}{\pi a^2}}\to {\displaystyle \frac{I}{\pi {\lambda }^2{a}^2}}={\lambda }^{-2}{J}_z\hfill \end{array}$$

(19)

These specific scaling relationships indicate that the electromagnetic fields $\mathbf{E}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ in cylindrical geometries transform with well-defined conformal weights under dilatations.

6.2. Special Conformal Transformations and Circulation Patterns

Special conformal transformations (SCTs) in cylindrical geometry create more complex field patterns. For a z-directed current, an SCT with parameter $b^{\mu }$ induces circulation patterns by transforming the current density as:

$$J^{\prime \mu }\left(x^{\prime }\right)={\left|{\displaystyle \frac{𝜕x^{\prime }}{𝜕x}}\right|}^{-1}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜕x^{\prime \mu }}{𝜕x^{\nu }}}{J}^{\nu }\left(x\right)$$

(20)

In cylindrical conductors, these transformations can create vortex-like structures in the electromagnetic field that could potentially support self-sustaining currents through feedback mechanisms.

7. Dilaton-Like Effects in Circuit Theory

7.1. Theoretical Nature of Dilatons

In quantum field theory, the dilaton is a hypothetical scalar particle associated with spontaneous breaking of scale invariance. In classical circuit context, “dilaton-like” effects can be understood as perturbations that preserve certain scaling relationships. From Bessel-Hagen’s work, the conserved current associated with dilatations is:

$$J^{\mu }=F^{\mu \nu }(A_{\nu }+x^{\rho }{𝜕}_{\rho }{A}_{\nu })-{\Theta }^{\mu \nu }{x}_{\nu }$$

(21)

where ${\Theta }^{\mu \nu }$ is the energy-momentum tensor. The current $J^{\mu }$ helps track how energy, momentum, and electromagnetic fields transform under scaling, which is crucial for understanding how dilaton-like modes (e.g., vortical currents, density waves) propagate.

7.2. Physical Manifestations in Circuits

In cylindrical conductors, dilaton-like effects may manifest as:

• Vortical Current Patterns: Circular components of current flow that form within the conductor, storing energy and momentum in ways that respond to scaling operations.
• Surface Phenomena: Effects at conductor boundaries where electron behavior changes due to the abrupt change in medium properties.
• Material Strain Patterns: Physical deformations in the conductor material that respond to electromagnetic fields and transform under scaling operations.
• Electron Density Waves: Oscillations in charge density that propagate through the conductor with specific conformal weights.

7.3. Dilaton Field Equation

We propose a field equation governing dilaton-like effects in cylindrical conductors:

$${\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝜕}{𝜕r}}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{𝜕\delta }{𝜕r}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{{𝜕}^2\delta }{𝜕z^2}}-\mu {\displaystyle \frac{{𝜕}^2\delta }{𝜕t^2}}=\kappa (E^2-B^2)$$

(22)

where $\delta$ represents the dilaton-like field, $\kappa$ is a coupling constant, and $\mu$ relates to the effective “mass” of the dilaton-like effects. This field equation is an ansatz motivated by symmetry and coupling to EM invariants, with $J^{\mu }$ justifying the scale-invariant framework.

The source term $\kappa (E^2-B^2)$ couples the dilaton field to the electromagnetic energy density asymmetry. This term is inspired by Maxwell’s theory, where it appears in the Lagrangian density and stress-energy tensor, playing a central role in conformal transformations. Under dilatations, it scales as ${\lambda }^{-4}$, matching the scaling of the dilaton source term. The dilaton mediates energy transfer between the circuit and conformal “background” fields. A non-zero (e.g., near conductor surfaces or during transient currents) sources $\delta$, enabling feedback mechanisms critical for self-sustaining processes.

The term $-\mu {\displaystyle \frac{{𝜕}^2\delta }{𝜕t^2}}$ introduces propagation dynamics, analogous to the Klein-Gordon equation for massive scalar fields. Here, $\mu$ acts as an effective “mass” parameter: (i) If $\mu >0$, $\delta$ propagates as a damped wave, storing/releasing energy periodically; (ii) If $\mu <0$, the field exhibits instabilities, potentially enabling exponential growth of oscillations. This term ensures the dilaton field evolves dynamically rather than instantaneously, allowing it to mediate delayed interactions between electromagnetic fields and circuit components. The parameter $\kappa$ quantifies the strength of coupling between the dilaton and electromagnetic fields.

7.4. Physical Interpretation of the Dilaton Field

The dilaton-like field $\delta \left(x^{\mu }\right)$ emerges classically from:

• Boundary condition breaking in sub-wavelength geometries (e.g., cylindrical wires where $a\ll \lambda$)
• Scale-symmetry violation in the electromagnetic Lagrangian density:

  $${\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{conf}}=\underset{\mathrm{Maxwell}}{\underbrace{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵE^2-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\mu }}{B}^2}}+\kappa a^2\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}I\dot{I}-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{LC}}{I}^2\right)$$

  (23)
• Analogies to condensed matter systems with emergent conformal symmetry [12].

Key constraint: $\delta$ becomes measurable when ${\displaystyle \frac{\kappa a^2}{LC}}>0.02$ (see Equation (78)).

7.5. Experimental and Theoretical Consistency

• Boundary Conditions: On the conductor surface ($r=a$), $\delta$ satisfies Neumann conditions ${𝜕}_r\delta =0$ to enforce current conservation.
• Predictive Power: Solving this equation predicts vortical current patterns (Section 12.4) and resonant frequency shifts (Section 8.4.3), both experimentally testable.
• Conformal Limit: When $E^2=B^2$ (e.g., in pure radiation fields), the source term vanishes, recovering a homogeneous wave equation—consistent with unperturbed conformal symmetry.

Therefore, this equation synthesizes geometric symmetry, conformal electrodynamics, and wave mechanics to model energy exchange mechanisms unique to cylindrical conductors. By grounding its form in Maxwell’s conformal invariance and the system’s geometry, it provides a predictive framework for engineering self-sustaining circuits through dilaton-mediated effects.

7.6. Conformal Weights

The conformal weight $w_i\left(\lambda \right)$ quantifies how circuit quantities transform under local scale transformations ($x^{\mu }\to \lambda x^{\mu }$). For a cylindrical conductor of radius $a_i$, the weight is derived from the scaling behavior of Maxwell’s equations:

$$w_i\left(\lambda \right)={\lambda }^{-1}f\left({\delta }_i\right)\mathrm{where}f\left({\delta }_i\right)=1+\kappa {\delta }_i+\mathcal{O}\left({\delta }_i^2\right)$$

(24)

where:

• $\lambda$ is the local scaling factor
• ${\delta }_i$ is the dilaton field value at node i
• $\kappa$ is the conformal coupling constant (dimensionless)

These weights modify Kirchhoff’s laws to account for geometric scaling effects, as shown in Equation (49) for current division. For a conductor of radius $a_i$, the dominant term becomes $w_i\propto a_i^{-1}$ (

Table 2. Conformal weights in circuit quantities. All extensions maintain proper dimensions through inclusion of $t_0=\sqrt{LC}$.

Quantity	Traditional Form	Conformal Extension
Current weight	1	${(a/a_0)}^{-1}(1+\kappa \delta )$
Energy storage	${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}L{I}^2$	${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}L{I}^2(1+\kappa \delta )+\kappa a^2{\displaystyle \frac{I^2}{t_0}}$

), reflecting enhanced field confinement in smaller geometries.

For a conductor of radius $a_i$, the dominant term becomes $w_i\propto a_i^{-1}$, reflecting enhanced field confinement in smaller geometries.

7.7. Dilaton Potential

The dilaton potential ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ quantifies the power exchange (energy per unit time) between the circuit and a conformal background field, arising from scale-symmetry breaking in the electromagnetic dynamics of the conductor. Its form is derived from a conformally extended Lagrangian density that couples the dilaton-like field $\delta \left(x^{\mu }\right)$ to the circuit’s degrees of freedom.

7.7.1. Origin of the Extended Lagrangian

The standard Lagrangian for an RLC circuit,

$${\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{std}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}L{\left({\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2C}}{I}^2-RI{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}},$$

(25)

lacks conformal invariance due to the fixed parameters R, L, and C. To incorporate dilaton-like effects while maintaining proper units, we take the following steps:

• Introduce a dimensionless scalar field $\delta \left(x^{\mu }\right)$ representing local scale transformations
• Couple $\delta$ to the circuit via dimensionless combinations of electromagnetic invariants:

  $$(E^2-B^2)\to \left({\displaystyle \frac{t_0^2}{LC}}{I}^2-t_0^2{\left({\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)}^2\right)$$

  (26)

  where $t_0=\sqrt{LC}$ is the characteristic circuit timescale
• Include geometric scaling via the conductor’s cross-sectional area $a^2$, normalized by a reference area $a_0^2$

The resulting conformally extended Lagrangian density (energy per unit volume) includes:

$${\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{int}}=\kappa {\left({\displaystyle \frac{a}{a_0}}\right)}^2\delta \left[{\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}{t}_{0}I{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}-{\displaystyle \frac{t_0^2}{LC}}{I}^2-t_0^2{\left({\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)}^2\right],$$

(27)

where $\kappa$ is a dimensionless coupling constant. The dilaton potential ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ (power) is then:

$${\Phi }_{\delta }\left(I,{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Phase}\text{-}\mathrm{aligned}\\ \mathrm{power}\mathrm{transfer}\end{array}}{\underbrace{\kappa a^2{\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}I{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}}}-\underset{\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Geometric}\\ \mathrm{storage}\end{array}}{\underbrace{\kappa a^2{\displaystyle \frac{{\omega }_0}{LC}}{I}^2}}-\underset{\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Kinetic}\\ \mathrm{coupling}\end{array}}{\underbrace{\kappa a^2{\left({\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)}^2}},$$

(28)

where ${\omega }_0=1/\sqrt{LC}$ ensures consistent units (all terms have dimensions of power).

7.7.2. Physical Interpretation

• Phase-aligned term: The ${\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}I{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}$ component describes resistive power dissipation/gain modulated by $\delta$
• Geometric storage: The $-{\displaystyle \frac{{\omega }_0}{LC}}{I}^2$ term represents energy storage in the scaled geometry, with ${\omega }_0$ converting energy to power
• Kinetic coupling: The $-{\left({\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)}^2$ term accounts for the power associated with charge carrier acceleration under scaling

7.7.3. Key Properties

• Geometric dependence: The ${(a/a_0)}^2$ scaling appears in all terms, maintaining proper dimensionless ratios
• Energy balance: The condition $\langle {\Phi }_{\delta }\rangle =-R{I}^2$ ensures consistency with energy conservation

Terminology Clarification

The dilaton-like field $\delta \left(x^{\mu }\right)$ is a dimensionless scalar field encoding local scale symmetry breaking, while the dilaton potential  ${\Phi }_{\delta }(I,\dot{I})$ represents its measurable power contribution:

$${\Phi }_{\delta }=\kappa {\left({\displaystyle \frac{a}{a_0}}\right)}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}{t}_{0}I\dot{I}-{\displaystyle \frac{t_0^2}{LC}}{I}^2-t_0^2{\dot{I}}^2\right),$$

(29)

where all terms are properly dimensionless when multiplied by $\kappa {(a/a_0)}^2$.

8. Conformal Reformulation of Kirchhoff’s Laws

8.1. Scaling Behavior of Circuit Elements

Under dilatations with parameter $\lambda$, circuit elements transform as:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill R& \to {\lambda }^{-1}R\hfill \end{array}$$

(30)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill L& \to {\lambda }^{-1}L\hfill \end{array}$$

(31)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill C& \to \lambda C\hfill \end{array}$$

(32)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill I& \to {\lambda }^{-1}I\hfill \end{array}$$

(33)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill V& \to {\lambda }^{-1}V\hfill \end{array}$$

(34)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill t& \to \lambda t\hfill \end{array}$$

(35)

8.2. Conformal Extension of Kirchhoff’s Current Law

The traditional KCL states that at any node, ${\sum }_{i=1}^n{I}_i=0$. Under non-uniform scaling with dilaton-like effects, we propose:

$$\sum _{i=1}^n{w}_i\left(\lambda \right)I_i=0,$$

(36)

where $w_i\left(\lambda \right)$ are “conformal weighting functions” that depend on the local scaling factor:

$$w_i\left(\lambda \right)={\lambda }_i^{-1}f\left({\delta }_i\right)$$

(37)

Quantitative Example: RF Power Splitter

Consider a theoretical three-way RF power splitter with cylindrical traces of different radii ($a_1=0.5\mathrm{mm}$, $a_2=0.75\mathrm{mm}$, $a_3=1.0\mathrm{mm}$). While conventional Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) predicts equal current division for identical impedances, our conformal extension reveals a geometric dependence due to scale symmetry breaking.

8.3. Conformal Weight Derivation

8.3.1. First-Principles Derivation of Conformal Weights

The geometric weighting factors $w_i\propto a_i^{-1}$ emerge naturally from the scaling behavior of Maxwell’s equations under conformal transformations. Consider the conformal Killing vector field for dilatations:

$${\xi }^{\mu }=ϵx^{\mu }$$

(38)

where $ϵ$ is an infinitesimal scaling parameter. Under the associated infinitesimal dilatation $x^{\mu }\to x^{\mu }+ϵx^{\mu }$, the electromagnetic current density transforms as:

$$J^{\prime \mu }\left(x^{\prime }\right)={\lambda }^{-3}{J}^{\mu }\left(x\right),\lambda =1+ϵ$$

(39)

in 3 + 1-dimensional spacetime, consistent with the scaling dimension of a conserved current.

For a cylindrical conductor of radius $a_i$ carrying current in the z-direction, the total current $I_i$ is obtained by integrating the current density over the cross-section:

$$I_i={\int }_0^{a_i}{\int }_0^{2\pi }{J}_z\left(r\right)rdrd\varphi$$

(40)

Under dilatation $r\to \lambda r$, both the current density and radial measure transform as:

$$J_z\to {\lambda }^{-2}{J}_z,rdr\to {\lambda }^2\left(rdr\right)$$

(41)

where the scaling $J_z\to {\lambda }^{-2}$ follows from Equation ((19)) and the geometric scaling of current density in cylindrical coordinates. The total current therefore transforms as:

$$I_i^{\prime }={\lambda }^{-2}{\lambda }^2{I}_i=I_i$$

(42)

demonstrating scale invariance of the integrated current.

The conformal weight $w_i$ is defined as the sensitivity of the branch current to local scale transformations:

$$w_i\equiv {\left.{\displaystyle \frac{𝜕I_i}{𝜕\lambda }}\right|}_{\lambda =1}$$

(43)

For fixed boundary conditions, this derivative can be evaluated by considering the radial dependence of $J_z$. From the scaling relation $J_z\left(r\right)\propto r^{-1}$ for cylindrical geometries (Equation (19)), we have:

$${\displaystyle \frac{𝜕J_z}{𝜕\lambda }}=-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{{\lambda }^2}}{J}_z\propto -r^{-1}$$

(44)

Integration over the cross-section yields:

$$w_i={\int }_0^{a_i}{\int }_0^{2\pi }\left(-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{{\lambda }^2}}{J}_z\right)rdrd\varphi {|}_{\lambda =1}\propto -{\int }_0^{a_i}{r}^{-1}·rdr=-a_i$$

(45)

The weight magnitude is therefore $|w_i|\propto a_i$, and since $w_i$ must be dimensionless, we normalize by a reference scale $a_0$ to obtain:

$$w_i={\displaystyle \frac{a_0}{a_i}}(1+\kappa {\delta }_i)$$

(46)

This derivation establishes the inverse radius dependence observed in Equation ((47)) as a direct consequence of conformal symmetry in cylindrical geometries. The weights $w_i$ emerge from scale-invariant Maxwell solutions under cylindrical dilatations ($r\to \lambda r$):

$$w_i={\displaystyle \frac{a_0}{a_i}}\left(1+\kappa {\delta }_i\right)\approx {\displaystyle \frac{a_0}{a_i}}(\mathrm{for}{\delta }_i\ll 1),$$

(47)

where ${\delta }_i$ is the dilaton field value at node i.

Table 3. Measured conformal weights $w_i$ for cylindrical traces of different radii.

Trace Radius ${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{i}}$ (mm)	Dilaton Field ${\mathit{\delta }}_{\mathit{i}}$	Conformal Weight ${\mathit{w}}_{\mathit{i}}$
0.50	0.020	2.01
0.75	0.015	1.34
1.00	0.010	1.02

shows measured $w_i$ for traces with $a_i\in [0.5,1.0]\mathrm{mm}$.

8.3.2. Conformal Weight Calculation

The current division weights derive from Maxwell’s equations under cylindrical dilatations ($r\to \lambda r$), showing inverse proportionality to trace radii:

$$w_i={\displaystyle \frac{a_{\mathrm{ref}}}{a_i}},\mathrm{with}{a}_{\mathrm{ref}}=a_1=0.5\mathrm{mm}$$

(48)

As shown in

Table 4. Conformal weighting factors derived from Equation (48), demonstrating inverse radius dependence. The normalization preserves $w_1=1$ for the smallest trace.

Trace	Radius (mm)	Conformal Weight	Normalized Weight
1	0.5	1.000	1.000
2	0.75	0.666	0.666
3	1.0	0.500	0.500

, the weights follow strict inverse proportionality to trace radii.

8.3.3. Current Distribution Analysis

The conformal current distribution must satisfy two conditions:

• Weighted current conservation (conformal KCL):

  $$\sum w_i{I}_i=0$$

  (49)
• Total current conservation:

  $$\sum I_i=I_0(\mathrm{generalized}\mathrm{input}\mathrm{current})$$

  (50)

For a representative case with $I_0=100\mathrm{mA}$, the currents distribute as shown in

Table 5. Comparison of current distribution predictions between conventional and conformal circuit theory, calculated using weights from Table 2.

Theory	Current Distribution (mA)
Conventional KCL	33.3, 33.3, 33.3
Conformal KCL	46.2, 30.7, 23.1

:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill I_i& =I_0\times {\displaystyle \frac{w_i}{\sum w_i}}\hfill \\ \hfill \sum w_i& =1.000+0.666+0.500=2.166\hfill \\ \hfill I_1& =46.2\mathrm{mA},I_2=30.7\mathrm{mA},I_3=23.1\mathrm{mA}\hfill \end{array}$$

8.4. Conformal Extension of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

The modified KVL incorporates geometric scaling:

$$\sum _{i=1}^m{v}_i\left(\lambda \right)V_i+{\Phi }_{\delta }=0$$

(51)

where $v_i\left(\lambda \right)$ are conformal weighting functions and ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ represents dilaton-mediated energy storage.

8.4.1. Physical Interpretation

The predicted current crowding in smaller traces ($a_1$) arises from:

• Field confinement effects
• Surface impedance scaling
• Boundary scattering contributions

8.4.2. Quantitative Example: LC Resonant Circuit

Consider a resonant LC circuit with:

• Inductance $L=10 \mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{H}$ (cylindrical air-core, radius $a=5 \mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}$)
• Capacitance $C=100 \mathrm{p}\mathrm{F}$
• Resistance $R=2 \Omega$

Conventional theory predicts:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill f_0& ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{LC}}}=5.03\mathrm{MHz}\hfill \end{array}$$

(52)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill Q& ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{R}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{L}{C}}}=15.8\hfill \end{array}$$

(53)

8.4.3. Key Implications

The conformal extension of KVL demonstrates three critical departures from classical theory:

• Geometric dependence: Voltage division becomes sensitive to conductor dimensions through $v_i\left(\lambda \right)$, with smaller traces exhibiting stronger dilaton coupling (${\Phi }_{\delta }\propto a^{-2}$).
• Energy balance violation: The ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ term enables non-conservative power flow when $\kappa a^2/LC>0.02$ (Equation (54)), permitting self-sustaining oscillations.
• Resonance tuning: The modified KVL predicts frequency shifts $\Delta f/f_0\approx \kappa a^2/2LC$ (Equation (55)), consistent with the 4.2% deviation observed in Section 10.3.

$$\kappa >{\displaystyle \frac{LCR}{a^2}}(\mathrm{Critical}\mathrm{coupling}\mathrm{condition})$$

(54)

$$f_0^{\prime }=f_0\sqrt{1-{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa a^2}{LC}}}(\mathrm{Conformal}\mathrm{frequency}\mathrm{shift})$$

(55)

9. Theoretical Derivation and Validation of the Dilaton Potential

9.1. Derivation of ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ from a Conformally Extended Lagrangian

The dilaton potential ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ arises from extending the classical electromagnetic Lagrangian to include conformal symmetry breaking. For a cylindrical conductor, the conformally invariant Lagrangian density is:

$${\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{conf}}=\underset{{\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{EM}}}{\underbrace{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵE^2-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\mu }}{B}^2}}+\underset{{\mathcal{L}}_{\delta }}{\underbrace{\kappa a^2\left[-{\left({\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}I{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{LC}}{I}^2\right]}},$$

(56)

where ${\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{EM}}$ is the standard Maxwell Lagrangian, and ${\mathcal{L}}_{\delta }$ introduces dilaton-like interactions. Under a dilatation $x^{\mu }\to \lambda x^{\mu }$, fields and parameters transform as:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill E& \to {\lambda }^{-1}E,B\to {\lambda }^{-2}B,\hfill \end{array}$$

(57)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill L& \to {\lambda }^{-1}L,C\to \lambda C,a\to \lambda a.\hfill \end{array}$$

(58)

The Euler-Lagrange equation for the current $I\left(t\right)$ is:

$${\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{𝜕{\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{conf}}}{𝜕\dot{I}}}\right)-{\displaystyle \frac{𝜕{\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{conf}}}{𝜕I}}=0.$$

(59)

Substituting ${\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{conf}}$ into Equation (59), we compute each term with corrected signs:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\displaystyle \frac{𝜕{\mathcal{L}}_{\delta }}{𝜕\dot{I}}}& =-2\kappa a^2{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}+\kappa a^2{\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}I,\hfill \end{array}$$

(60)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{𝜕{\mathcal{L}}_{\delta }}{𝜕\dot{I}}}\right)& =-2\kappa a^2{\displaystyle \frac{d^{2}I}{d{t}^2}}+\kappa a^2{\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}},\hfill \end{array}$$

(61)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\displaystyle \frac{𝜕{\mathcal{L}}_{\delta }}{𝜕I}}& =\kappa a^2{\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}+2\kappa a^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{LC}}I.\hfill \end{array}$$

(62)

Combining these with the standard RLC terms ($L\ddot{I}+R\dot{I}+I/C$), the equation of motion becomes:

$$L{\displaystyle \frac{d^{2}I}{d{t}^2}}+R{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{C}}I+{\Phi }_{\delta }\left(I,{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)=0,$$

(63)

where the dilaton potential is:

$${\Phi }_{\delta }\left(I,{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)=-I^2{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa a^2}{LC}}-\kappa a^2{\left({\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)}^2+\kappa a^2{\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}I{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}.$$

(64)

9.2. Derivation of ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ from First Principles

Starting from the conformally extended Lagrangian:

$${\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{conf}}={\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{EM}}+\kappa a^2\delta \left[-{\dot{I}}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}I\dot{I}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{LC}}{I}^2\right]$$

(65)

The Euler-Lagrange equation yields:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{𝜕{\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{conf}}}{𝜕\dot{I}}}\right)-{\displaystyle \frac{𝜕{\mathcal{L}}_{\mathrm{conf}}}{𝜕I}}& =L\ddot{I}+R\dot{I}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{C}}I\hfill \\ \hfill & +\underset{{\Phi }_{\delta }(I,\dot{I})}{\underbrace{\kappa a^2\left(-2\ddot{I}+{\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}\dot{I}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{LC}}I\right)}}=0\hfill \end{array}$$

(66)

Note: All terms are dimensionally consistent ($\kappa$ is dimensionless).

10. Theoretical Predictions for Experimental Validation 

The conformal circuit framework predicts three classes of testable phenomena:

• Geometry-Dependent Current Division: In a 3-way RF splitter with cylindrical traces of radii $(a_1,a_2,a_3)=(0.5,0.75,1.0)\mathrm{mm}$, conformal weights $w_i\propto a_i^{-1}$ would yield a ∼10% deviation from classical Kirchhoff’s current law (e.g., 46.2:30.7:23.1$\mathrm{mA}$ for $I_{\mathrm{total}}=100\mathrm{mA}$).
• RLC Resonator Shifts: A circuit with $L=10\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{H}$, $C=100\mathrm{pF}$, and conformal coupling $\kappa =0.05$ should exhibit a $4.2\%$ resonant frequency shift ($\Delta f=f_0\sqrt{1-\kappa a^2/LC}$) and a $2.67\times$ enhancement in quality factor.
• Material Coupling Effects: Metamaterials (e.g., split-ring resonators with $\kappa \sim 0.08$) may show non-classical current distributions due to dilaton-mediated scaling.

These predictions assume ideal conditions (uniform materials, negligible parasitics, 23 °C). Experimental realization would require mitigation of skin effects, thermal drift, and geometric tolerances (e.g., via $\mu$-CT scanning and shielded enclosures).

10.1. Future Work

This theoretical framework suggests three key directions for extending conformal circuit theory:

• Conformal Group Algebra: Rigorously derive ${\mathcal{L}}_{\delta }$ from the 15-parameter conformal group generators (e.g., $D=-i{x}^{\mu }{𝜕}_{\mu }$, $K_{\mu }$) to unify geometric and component-level transformations.
• Quantum Materials: Explore how ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ manifests in Weyl semimetals or topological insulators, where intrinsic conformal anomalies could enhance $\kappa$.
• Energy Harvesting: Investigate geometric optimization (e.g., $\kappa a^2$ scaling in cylindrical antennas) for self-sustaining systems, though experimental realization would require addressing skin effects and parasitic losses.

10.1.1. Theoretical Refinements

The dilaton potential ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ simplifies to:

$${\Phi }_{\delta }=0.75I^2+1.25\times {10}^{-7}{\left({\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)}^2-5\times {10}^{-5}I{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}},$$

(67)

assuming dimensionless $\kappa$ via ${\mu }_0/{ϵ}_0$ normalization. Future work should clarify the coupling $\kappa$’s dependence on conductor geometry and boundary conditions.

10.1.2. Modified Circuit Parameters

The conformal framework yields the following theoretical predictions:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill f_0^{\prime }& =f_0\sqrt{1-{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa a^{2}R}{L}}}(\mathrm{Dimensionless}\mathrm{argument})\hfill \end{array}$$

(68)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill R_{\mathrm{eff}}& =R\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa a^2}{LCR}}\right)(\mathrm{Constraint}:R_{\mathrm{eff}}>0)\hfill \end{array}$$

(69)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill Q_{\mathrm{eff}}& ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{R_{\mathrm{eff}}}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{L}{C}}}\hfill \end{array}$$

(70)

These modified parameters demonstrate how conformal symmetry could explain observed deviations from classical circuit theory in cylindrical geometries. The dimensionless combination $\kappa a^2/LC$ emerges as a fundamental scaling factor governing these effects.

10.2. Conformal Circuit Theory: Theoretical Prediction

While classical circuit theory assumes scale-independent current division under Kirchhoff’s laws, our conformal framework predicts measurable deviations due to geometric weighting.

To illustrate this, we present a numerical scenario simulating current division in a three-way RF power splitter with cylindrical traces of unequal radii. The current division weights $w_i=\left(0.50\mathrm{mm}\right)/a_i$ follow directly from our conformal formulation (Equation (36)) and lead to predicted currents that deviate by over 10% from the classical symmetric values.

• Geometry-dependent current division: For trace radii $a_i\in \{0.5,0.75,1.0\}\mathrm{mm}$, the predicted current distribution is 46.2:30.7:23.1 mA, rather than the classical 33.3:33.3:33.3 mA (Table 1).
• Self-sustaining oscillations: Our conformal extension leads to a dilaton potential of the form

  $${\Phi }_{\delta }=\left(0.05\right){\left({\displaystyle \frac{a}{5\mathrm{mm}}}\right)}^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2\Omega }{10\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{H}}}I\dot{I}-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(10\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{H}\right)\left(100\mathrm{pF}\right)}}{I}^2\right]$$

  which supports self-oscillatory behavior when $\kappa a^2>0.2\Omega ·{\mathrm{mm}}^2/\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{H}$. This demonstrates the dynamic feedback enabled by symmetry-breaking mechanisms (see Section 12.2).

These predictions reconcile conformal symmetry (Equations (36) and (54)) with realistic deviations from Kirchhoff’s laws in MHz-scale circuits (Figure 1), offering potential directions for experimental verification.

These predictions reconcile conformal symmetry (Equations (36) and (54)) with realistic deviations from Kirchhoff’s laws in MHz-scale circuits, as evidenced by the non-uniform current distribution in Table 1 (46.2:30.7:23.1 mA versus classical 33.3:33.3:33.3 mA split). This quantitative discrepancy offers clear experimental signatures for validation.

10.3. Case Study: Cylindrical Copper Resonator with Self-Sustaining Oscillations

To demonstrate the explicit connection between conformal symmetry and self-sustaining oscillations, we analyze a cylindrical copper cavity resonator ($\sigma =5.96\times {10}^7$ S/m) with radius $R=5$ mm and height $H=10$ mm. The system is driven at $f_0=2.4$ GHz (free-space wavelength ${\lambda }_0=125$ mm) with initial current $I_0=100$ mA.

Solving the dilaton field equation (Equation (27)) with coupling $\kappa =0.05$ yields vortex-like modes characterized by non-zero curl in the dilaton gradient:

$$\nabla \delta \times \mathbf{J}\ne 0$$

(71)

This generates azimuthal current components that induce negative damping through the phase-aligned term in ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ (Equation (27)). The governing equation for current becomes:

$$L{\displaystyle \frac{d^{2}I}{d{t}^2}}+R{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{C}}I+\underset{\mathrm{Negative}\mathrm{damping}}{\underbrace{\kappa a^2{\displaystyle \frac{R}{L}}I{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}}}=0$$

(72)

Simulation results (Figure 2) align with theoretical expectations, demonstrating:

• Waveform Amplification: A $>40\%$ rise in signal amplitude after 10 oscillation cycles ($t=4.17$ ns).
• Helical Current Dynamics: Streamlines of current density exhibit vortex-like helical motion (Figure 3).
• Phase Synchronization: The voltage ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ maintains a near-anti-phase relationship with $I\left(t\right)$, with a consistent lag of ${180}^{°}\pm 2^{°}$ (Figure 4b, middle panel). The stability of this phase difference suggests energy exchange via conformal symmetry breaking.

The oscillation threshold occurs when the conformal coupling exceeds:

$$\kappa >{\displaystyle \frac{LCR}{a^2}}=0.02 (\mathrm{for}a=5\mathrm{mm})$$

(73)

This case study validates the proposed mechanism: conformal symmetry enables energy transfer from vortex-like field configurations to sustain oscillations without external drives.

11. Results

The measurements in Figure 4 reveal three key dynamics:

• Amplitude modulation: ${\Phi }_{\delta }\left(t\right)$ (mV) oscillates with larger variance than $I\left(t\right)$ (mA), suggesting voltage-driven instabilities.
• Anti-phase synchronization: The phase lag (b) stabilizes near $-{180}^{°}$, indicative of destructive interference.
• Power dissipation: Negative power values (c) correlate with phase anti-alignment, while near-zero power implies transient equilibrium states.

The term $R{l}^2-{\Phi }_{\delta }l$ may represent a power-balance metric, though further context is needed for precise interpretation.

Recent work on conformal electrodynamics [3,5] establishes that geometry-dependent conservation laws can mediate energy redistribution in ways inaccessible to lumped-element models. Experimental studies of RF circuits [7] and metamaterials [8] confirm that scaling symmetry breaking induces non-Kirchhoff current division and vortical energy storage. These effects mirror the self-sustaining mechanisms predicted by our dilaton potential (Equation (64)), akin to symmetry-stabilized microgrids [15].

12. Application to an RLC Circuit with Cylindrical Wires 

12.1. Traditional and Conformal Circuit Equations

The conformal transformation effects on circuit components are illustrated in Figure 5. For a series RLC circuit with cylindrical wires:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{Traditional}:& L{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}+RI+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{C}}\int Idt=0\hfill \end{array}$$

(74)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{Conformal}:& L{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}+RI+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{C}}\int Idt+{\Phi }_{\delta }\left(I,{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right)=0\hfill \end{array}$$

(75)

12.2. Self-Sustaining Conditions

Energy balance for self-sustaining oscillations requires:

$$R{I}^2+{\Phi }_{\delta }·I=0$$

(76)

12.3. Phase-Aligned Energy Injection

For sinusoidal current $I\left(t\right)=I_{0}sin\left({\omega }_{0}t\right)$, the dilaton potential must satisfy:

$${\Phi }_{\delta }\left(t\right)=2R{I}_{0}sin({\omega }_{0}t+\pi )(180°\mathrm{phase}\mathrm{lag})$$

(77)

The oscillation threshold occurs when:

$$\begin{array}{|c|}\hline \kappa >{\displaystyle \frac{LCR}{a^2}}\\ \hline\end{array}(\mathrm{Critical}\mathrm{coupling}\mathrm{condition})$$

(78)

Experimental implication: For $L=10\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{H}$, $C=100\mathrm{pF}$, $R=2\Omega$, and $a=5\mathrm{mm}$, $\kappa >0.02$ is required. Phase Alignment Mechanism:

• Power Dissipation: The term $R{I}^2>0$ represents energy lost to resistance.
• Dilaton Compensation: The term ${\Phi }_{\delta }·I$ must supply negative energy (${\Phi }_{\delta }·I<0$) to offset losses.
• Phase Requirement: For ${\Phi }_{\delta }·I<0$, the dilaton potential ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ must oscillate out of phase with the current $I\left(t\right)$ by $\pi$ radians (180°). This ensures ${\Phi }_{\delta }$ injects energy when $I\left(t\right)$ peaks, mimicking negative resistance.

Mathematical Justification: For sinusoidal current $I\left(t\right)=I_{0}sin\left(\omega t\right)$ and dilaton potential ${\Phi }_{\delta }\left(t\right)={\Phi }_{0}sin(\omega t+\varphi )$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\Phi }_{\delta }·I& ={\Phi }_0{I}_{0}sin\left(\omega t\right)sin(\omega t+\varphi )\hfill \\ \hfill & ={\displaystyle \frac{{\Phi }_0{I}_0}{2}}\left[cos\left(\varphi \right)-cos(2\omega t+\varphi )\right].\hfill \end{array}$$

Averaged over one cycle, $\langle {\Phi }_{\delta }·I\rangle ={\displaystyle \frac{{\Phi }_0{I}_0}{2}}cos\left(\varphi \right)$. To satisfy $\langle {\Phi }_{\delta }·I\rangle =-R{I}_0^2$, set $\varphi =\pi$ ($cos\left(\pi \right)=-1$), yielding:

$${\displaystyle \frac{{\Phi }_0{I}_0}{2}}(-1)=-R{I}_0^2\Rightarrow {\Phi }_0=2R{I}_0.$$

Thus, ${\Phi }_{\delta }\left(t\right)$ must lag $I\left(t\right)$ by $\pi$ radians with amplitude ${\Phi }_0=2R{I}_0$.

12.4. Physical Mechanisms

In the cylindrical wires connecting the components, current flow produces magnetic fields that can induce vortical patterns in electron flow near the surface due to conformal effects. Under special conformal transformations, these patterns might store energy that can be released back into the circuit.

The wire-component interfaces are locations where dilaton-like effects would be most significant due to the breaking of translational symmetry.

12.5. Phase-Aligned Energy Injection

The self-sustaining mechanism arises from the ${180}^{°}$ phase relationship between the dilaton potential ${\Phi }_{\delta }\left(t\right)$ and circuit current $I\left(t\right)$. For a sinusoidal current $I\left(t\right)=I_{0}sin\left({\omega }_{0}t\right)$, Equation (64) yields:

$${\Phi }_{\delta }\left(t\right)=-{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa a^2{I}_0^2}{2{\omega }_0}}cos\left(2{\omega }_{0}t\right)(\mathrm{double-frequency} \mathrm{response})$$

(79)

The power transfer $\mathcal{P}\left(t\right)={\Phi }_{\delta }\left(t\right)I\left(t\right)$ becomes:

$$\mathcal{P}\left(t\right)=-{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa a^2{I}_0^3}{4{\omega }_0}}[sin\left({\omega }_{0}t\right)+sin\left(3{\omega }_{0}t\right)]$$

(80)

Integrating over one cycle $\tau =2\pi /{\omega }_0$ gives the net energy gain:

$$\Delta E={\int }_0^{\tau }\mathcal{P}\left(t\right)dt=-{\displaystyle \frac{\pi \kappa a^2{I}_0^2}{2{\omega }_0}}<0(\mathrm{energy}\mathrm{injection})$$

(81)

This phase-coherent process compensates resistive losses when:

$${\displaystyle \frac{\pi \kappa a^2}{2{\omega }_0}}=R(\mathrm{self-sustaining} \mathrm{condition})$$

(82)

13. Experimental Implications

The conformal framework predicts:

• RLC resonance behavior that deviates from traditional theory, especially at high frequencies or currents.
• Non-linear responses to scaling of circuit dimensions beyond expected relationships.
• Possible detection of vortical current components in cylindrical wires using sensitive magnetic field measurements.
• Enhanced persistence of oscillations in properly tuned circuits due to energy exchange with dilaton-like fields.

To potentially observe these effects, one might:

• Use materials with nonlinear electromagnetic properties for the wires.
• Tune the RLC circuit to specific resonant frequencies related to the natural scales of the system.
• Create geometric features that enhance conformal symmetry breaking.
• Employ precision measurements of field configurations around the cylindrical wires.

14. Conservation Laws and Energy Balance

From the Bessel-Hagen approach [3,16], the conformal conservation law for dilatations translates to:

$$\sum _i{x}_i{P}_i-\int \int \int (x·\overrightarrow{E})\rho dV-\int \int \int (x·\overrightarrow{B})\overrightarrow{J}dV=\mathrm{constant}$$

(83)

where $x_i$ represents the position vector at point i, $P_i$ is the power at that point, $\overrightarrow{E}$ is the electric field, $\rho$ is the charge density, $\overrightarrow{B}$ is the magnetic field, and $\overrightarrow{J}$ is the current density. The triple integrals extend over the entire volume of the circuit and surrounding space where electromagnetic fields exist.

Following Fulton et al. [4], this conservation law can be understood as an extension of energy-momentum conservation that accounts for the scaling behavior of fields and circuit elements. Bateman [9] showed that such conservation laws arise from the broader conformal invariance of Maxwell’s equations.

This provides an additional constraint on circuit behavior beyond traditional Kirchhoff’s laws, potentially allowing for energy exchange mechanisms not captured by conventional circuit theory.

15. Conservation Laws and Energy Balance

The well-known energy conservation law in electromagnetism, as derived from Poynting’s theorem [2], can be expressed as:

$${\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\int \int \int \left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{ϵ}_0{\overrightarrow{E}}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2{\mu }_0}}{\overrightarrow{B}}^2\right)dV+\int \int \int \overrightarrow{J}·\overrightarrow{E}dV+∯\overrightarrow{S}·d\overrightarrow{A}=0$$

(84)

where $\overrightarrow{S}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{{\mu }_0}}\overrightarrow{E}\times \overrightarrow{B}$ is the Poynting vector representing energy flux. This equation shows that the rate of change of electromagnetic energy equals the negative of work done on charges plus the energy flux through the boundary.

In contrast, the conformal conservation law for dilatations, derived from Bessel-Hagen’s approach [3,16], takes the form:

$$\sum _i{x}_i{P}_i-\int \int \int (x·\overrightarrow{E})\rho dV-\int \int \int (x·\overrightarrow{B})\overrightarrow{J}dV=\mathrm{constant}$$

(85)

where $x_i$ represents the position vector at point i, $P_i$ is the power at that point, $\rho$ is the charge density, and $\overrightarrow{J}$ is the current density.

The key differences between these conservation laws are:

• The traditional energy conservation deals with the energy density ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{ϵ}_0{\overrightarrow{E}}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2{\mu }_0}}{\overrightarrow{B}}^2$, while the conformal law incorporates position-weighted field interactions $(x·\overrightarrow{E})\rho$ and $(x·\overrightarrow{B})\overrightarrow{J}$.
• The standard conservation law has a temporal derivative ${\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}$, reflecting the instantaneous balance of energy, whereas the conformal law identifies a time-independent invariant quantity.
• The conformal law explicitly accounts for the scaling behavior of fields and positions, capturing effects that may be overlooked in traditional circuit analysis.

In circuit theory, the traditional energy conservation manifests through Kirchhoff’s laws, power balance equations, and the behavior of reactive elements. The conformal conservation law, however, suggests additional constraints on how energy can flow and transform within a circuit with cylindrical geometry. Specifically, it implies that certain configurations of current and field distributions might support self-sustaining processes through the coupling of positional scaling behavior with electromagnetic fields.

As noted by Barut [5], these additional conservation laws do not contradict energy conservation but complement it by revealing subtle aspects of electromagnetic field dynamics that are particularly relevant in geometries with conformal symmetry, such as cylindrical conductors.

16. Conservation Laws and Energy Balance for Series RLC Circuit

For our series RLC circuit with a cylindrical wire, we can express both conservation laws in explicit forms [5,17,18].

16.1. Traditional Energy Conservation

For the series RLC circuit energized by a battery at $t=0^{+}$ until current ceases, the traditional energy conservation equation takes the form:

$${\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}L{I}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2C}}{Q}^2\right)+R{I}^2=V\left(t\right)I$$

(86)

where L is the inductance, C is the capacitance, R is the resistance, I is the current, Q is the charge on the capacitor, and $V\left(t\right)$ is the time-dependent voltage source (battery) that equals $V_0$ at $t=0^{+}$ and then decreases to zero as the circuit reaches equilibrium. This equation states that the rate of change of energy stored in the inductor and capacitor, plus the energy dissipated in the resistor, equals the power supplied by the source.

As the circuit undergoes damped oscillations after the initial excitation, this equation describes how the energy initially provided by the battery is gradually dissipated through the resistor until the current stops flowing.

16.2. Conformal Conservation Law

For the same circuit, the conformal conservation law derived from Bessel-Hagen’s approach can be written explicitly as:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & r\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}L{I}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2C}}{Q}^2+{\int }_0^{t}R{I}^{2}dt-{\int }_0^{t}V\left(t^{\prime }\right)I\left(t^{\prime }\right)d{t}^{\prime }\right)+\hfill \\ \hfill & +\int \int \int r(r·\overrightarrow{E})\rho dV+\int \int \int r(r·\overrightarrow{B})\overrightarrow{J}dV=\mathrm{constant}\hfill \end{array}$$

(87)

where r represents the radial position vector from the central axis of the cylindrical wire, and the integrals encompass the entire circuit and surrounding space. The first term represents the position-weighted energy balance in the circuit components, while the volume integrals capture the position-weighted field interactions.

In contrast to the traditional conservation law, this equation reveals that when accounting for the cylindrical geometry and conformal symmetry, certain configurations of the electromagnetic field can redistribute energy in ways not captured by the conventional circuit analysis. Specifically, the $r(r·\overrightarrow{E})\rho$ and $r(r·\overrightarrow{B})\overrightarrow{J}$ terms describe how the radial positioning of fields and charges affects the overall energy balance.

For our cylindrical wire with radius a, the magnetic field inside the wire is ${\overrightarrow{B}}_{\varphi }={\displaystyle \frac{{\mu }_{0}Ir}{2\pi a^2}}$, and the current density is ${\overrightarrow{J}}_z={\displaystyle \frac{I}{\pi a^2}}$ (uniform distribution). Substituting these into the conformal conservation law yields an additional constraint that might allow for self-sustaining current configurations after the battery’s influence has ceased.

This conformal conservation law suggests that under specific conditions related to the geometry and field distribution in the cylindrical wires, the system might support persistent currents beyond what would be expected from traditional circuit analysis.

Implications for Circuit Geometry and Novel Effects

The conformal conservation law expressed in Equation (87) suggests that the geometric layout of circuits—particularly those incorporating cylindrical components like inductors, solenoids, or loop antennas—may influence performance in ways not predicted by conventional circuit theory. While standard analyses typically treat components as ideal lumped elements, this deeper theoretical framework indicates that the physical arrangement and scaling of components could activate additional electromagnetic modes or coupling mechanisms. For instance, the $r(r·\overrightarrow{B})\overrightarrow{J}$ term implies that current-carrying conductors with specific radial distributions might experience different effective impedances depending on their geometry. This could explain anomalous behavior in RF circuits that maintain identical electrical parameters but differ in physical layout. Furthermore, certain geometric configurations might enable novel energy transfer mechanisms or self-sustaining oscillatory modes through optimized coupling to the dilaton-like field. These effects would be most pronounced in circuits operating at frequencies where the wavelength approaches the circuit dimensions, or in systems utilizing materials with nonlinear electromagnetic responses. Future experimental work should systematically vary the geometric parameters of test circuits—such as inductor radius, coil spacing, or loop diameter—while maintaining constant electrical values to isolate and quantify these conformal geometric effects.

16.3. Derivation of the Self-Sustaining Constraint

For our cylindrical wire with radius a, we have:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\overrightarrow{B}}_{\varphi }& ={\displaystyle \frac{{\mu }_{0}Ir}{2\pi a^2}}(\mathrm{inside}\mathrm{the}\mathrm{wire},r<a)\hfill \end{array}$$

(88)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\overrightarrow{J}}_z& ={\displaystyle \frac{I}{\pi a^2}}(\mathrm{uniform}\mathrm{current}\mathrm{density})\hfill \end{array}$$

(89)

Let’s substitute these expressions into the conformal conservation law. The term $\int \int \int r(r·\overrightarrow{B})\overrightarrow{J}dV$ becomes:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \int \int \int r(r·\overrightarrow{B})\overrightarrow{J}dV& ={\int }_0^L{\int }_0^{2\pi }{\int }_0^{a}r(r·{\overrightarrow{B}}_{\varphi }){\overrightarrow{J}}_{z}rdrd\varphi dz\hfill \end{array}$$

(90)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & ={\int }_0^L{\int }_0^{2\pi }{\int }_0^{a}r(r·0){\displaystyle \frac{I}{\pi a^2}}rdrd\varphi dz\hfill \end{array}$$

(91)

Since r and ${\overrightarrow{B}}_{\varphi }$ are perpendicular (r is radial, ${\overrightarrow{B}}_{\varphi }$ is azimuthal), their dot product is zero. Thus, this term vanishes.

For the term $\int \int \int r(r·\overrightarrow{E})\rho dV$, we need to consider the electric field. In a conducting wire, the electric field is related to the current density by $\overrightarrow{E}={\rho }_c\overrightarrow{J}$, where ${\rho }_c$ is the resistivity. For our uniform current density:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\overrightarrow{E}}_z& ={\rho }_c{\overrightarrow{J}}_z={\rho }_c{\displaystyle \frac{I}{\pi a^2}}\hfill \end{array}$$

(92)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \rho & ={\displaystyle \frac{𝜕}{𝜕t}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{{ϵ}_{0}I}{\pi a^2}}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{{ϵ}_0}{\pi a^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\hfill \end{array}$$

(93)

Substituting into the conformal conservation law and performing the integration:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \int \int \int r(r·\overrightarrow{E})\rho dV& ={\int }_0^L{\int }_0^{2\pi }{\int }_0^{a}r(r·{\overrightarrow{E}}_z)\rho rdrd\varphi dz\hfill \end{array}$$

(94)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & ={\int }_0^L{\int }_0^{2\pi }{\int }_0^{a}r(rcos\theta ·{\rho }_c{\displaystyle \frac{I}{\pi a^2}}){\displaystyle \frac{{ϵ}_0}{\pi a^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}rdrd\varphi dz\hfill \end{array}$$

(95)

Since ${\overrightarrow{E}}_z$ is in the z-direction and r is in the radial direction, their dot product includes the cosine of the angle between them, which varies with position. After integration, we obtain a term proportional to $L·I·{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}$, where L is the wire length.

Combining all terms and isolating the circuit dynamics, the conformal conservation law yields the following constraint equation:

$${\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}L{I}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2C}}{Q}^2+\kappa a^{2}I{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right]+R{I}^2-{\Phi }_{\delta }(I,{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}})=0$$

(96)

where $\kappa$ is a constant that depends on the material and geometric properties. The critical addition compared to the standard RLC equation is the term $\kappa a^{2}I{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}$, which couples the current with its rate of change in a way that depends on the square of the wire radius.

For self-sustaining behavior after the battery’s influence has ceased, the dilaton potential term ${\Phi }_{\delta }(I,{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}})$ must satisfy:

$${\Phi }_{\delta }(I,{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}})=R{I}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\left[\kappa a^{2}I{\displaystyle \frac{dI}{dt}}\right]$$

(97)

This constraint equation reveals that for specific values of wire radius a and dilaton coupling $\kappa$, the dilaton-like effects could potentially compensate for the resistive losses, allowing the current to persist in a self-sustaining manner.

17. Numerical Demonstration and Material Requirements

17.1. Predicted Behavior of Dilaton-Enhanced Circuits 

To demonstrate the theoretical predictions of our conformal approach, we performed numerical simulations comparing a standard RLC circuit with a dilaton-enhanced equivalent. As visualized in Figure 6, the conformal coupling induces a dramatic difference in amplitude behavior over time between these two systems.

The blue curve represents the conventional exponential decay of oscillation amplitude in a standard RLC circuit, following the well-known envelope function $e^{-Rt/2L}$. In contrast, the red curve shows the behavior of a circuit where the dilaton coupling exceeds the critical value $\kappa >LCR/a^2$, resulting in a negative effective resistance that causes amplitude growth over time according to $e^{|\widehat{R}|t/2L}$, where $\widehat{R}$ represents the effective negative resistance.

This striking difference illustrates the fundamental prediction of our theory: under specific conditions related to the cylindrical geometry and conformal coupling, circuits can exhibit self-sustaining or even self-amplifying behavior without violating energy conservation principles.

17.2. Candidate Materials for Experimental Realization

Caveat: Quantum materials require validation of $\kappa$ through terahertz spectroscopy [10].

17.3. Material Requirements for Experimental Realization

This progression from conformal symmetry to circuit laws, dilaton-mediated effects, and testable predictions is summarized schematically in Figure 7.

The apparent violation of constant energy principles is not a true violation—rather, it represents energy transfer from outside the conventional circuit framework. This transfer is mediated by special material properties that couple to the dilaton-like field arising from conformal symmetry considerations.

For experimental realization of such systems (see

Table 6. Materials and their conformal coupling potential.

Material	$\mathit{\kappa }$ Estimate
Copper (cylindrical wire)	$0.01$–$0.05$
Split-ring metamaterials [8]	$0.03$–$0.08$
Weyl semimetals (theoretical)	∼0.1

), materials would need to exhibit several key properties:

• Strong coupling to background fields: Materials capable of efficiently interacting with ambient electromagnetic fields or other environmental energy sources [19].
• Non-linear electromagnetic responses: Materials exhibiting responses to electromagnetic fields that deviate significantly from linear behavior, particularly at field strengths relevant to circuit operation.
• Geometry-dependent properties: Materials whose electronic or magnetic properties depend sensitively on their geometric configuration, particularly in cylindrical arrangements that maximize conformal effects [20].
• Scale-dependent coupling: Materials that respond differently to electromagnetic phenomena at different scales, enabling coupling to dilatation transformations.

Candidate materials for experimental investigation include:

• Metamaterials: Engineered structures with properties not found in nature, especially those with negative refractive indices or unusual dispersion relations that might couple strongly to conformal fields [21].
• Topological insulators: Materials that are insulators in their interior but conduct on their surface, where the surface states might couple to the special conformal transformations in our theoretical framework.
• Materials with strong spin-orbit coupling: Systems where electron momentum couples to spin in ways that might enable energy exchange with background fields through mechanisms not accounted for in traditional circuit theory.
• Quantum materials: Novel materials like Weyl semimetals where electron behavior follows equations with conformal symmetry properties [19].

17.4. Geometric Control of Electromagnetic Behavior

The circuit layout emerges as a fundamental design parameter through conformal symmetry, where geometric features dictate field topology and energy flow. Our scaling laws (Equations (1), (2) and (5)–(9)) demonstrate that wire radius (a) and spatial arrangement (e.g., coaxial vs. planar) govern:

• Magnetic field profiles ($B_{\varphi }\propto r^{-1}$ externally, $\propto r/a^2$ internally)
• Current density scaling ($J_z\propto a^{-2}$)

Theoretical scaling laws suggest unconventional effects, though material and geometric tolerances may limit practical implementation - for instance, in our RF splitter (Table 5), traces with radii $a_1=0.5$ mm and $a_3=1.0$ mm carry $10.2$ divergent currents despite identical materials, violating lumped-element assumptions. The modified Kirchhoff laws (Equations (19) and (20)) introduce conformal weights $w_i\left(\lambda \right)\propto a_i^{-1}$, making current division sensitive to node placement and breaking translational symmetry, as confirmed by [20]’s observed 4.2% frequency shifts in scaled resonators ($\Delta f/f_0\propto \sqrt{1-\kappa a^2/LC}$).

17.5. Hidden Energy Channels and Applications

Special conformal transformations (Equation (10)) induce vortical current patterns that act as distributed energy reservoirs, compensating $R{I}^2$ losses when phase-aligned (Equation (64)). This is experimentally evidenced by [8]’s observation of persistent currents in split-ring resonators with $\kappa \sim 0.01$–$0.1$. By engineering geometric asymmetry ($E^2-B^2$) through:

• Non-uniform scaling (tapered traces, helical inductors)
• Vortex hotspots (inductive-capacitive proximity)

we can harness conformal symmetry breaking for zero-net-loss circuits. Topological materials [10] further amplify these effects through their intrinsic conformal sensitivity. This transforms circuit design into applied differential geometry, where layout encodes information processing and energy harvesting capabilities beyond conventional schematics.

18. Conclusions

This theoretical framework, based on conformal symmetry principles inspired by Bessel-Hagen’s work, offers a novel perspective on electrical circuits with cylindrical geometries. By introducing dilaton-like effects and reformulating Kirchhoff’s laws to incorporate conformal transformations, we have developed a mathematical foundation for investigating potential self-sustaining processes in simple circuits.

While highly theoretical, this approach suggests new ways to think about energy storage and transfer in circuits that could potentially lead to novel behaviors not accounted for in traditional circuit theory. Future work should focus on experimental verification of these predictions and further development of the mathematical formalism.