Selection of Resin-Based Dental Restorative Materials: A Pilot Study on Professional Characteristics, Knowledge, and Selection Criteria
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Questionnaire Design
2.3. Bias Control Strategies
2.4. Data Collection and Processing
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Knowledge About Resin Materials
3.2.1. Knowledge Levels in Resin Materials and Correlation with Professional Characteristics
3.2.2. Dentists’ Familiarity and Priorities in Resin Material Selection: Specifications, Features, and Sustainability
3.3. Selection of Resin Materials
Resin Selection in Anterior and Posterior Restorations
3.4. Professional Characteristics and Resin Material Selection
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Professional Characteristics on Material Selection
4.2. Tooth Regional Differences in Resin Material Criteria
4.3. Procurement Responsibility and Specification Awareness
4.4. Sustainability and Gender-Based Preferences
4.5. Implications for Clinical Education and Future Research
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Study Questionnaire
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- Q1.1. Male
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- Q1.2. Female
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- Q1.3. Other
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- Q2.1. 24–35
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- Q2.2. 36–45
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- Q2.3. 46–55
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- Q2.4. 56–65
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- Q2.5. 66–75
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- Q3.1. Graduate of a dental school in Greece
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- Q3.2. Graduate of a dental school abroad
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- Q3.3. Master’s degree in dentistry
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- Q3.4. Master’s degree in a related field
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- Q3.5. Doctorate (PhD) in dentistry
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- Q3.6. Doctorate (PhD) in a related field
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- Q3.7. Additional degree in another discipline outside of dentistry
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- Q4.1. Private dental office (own practice)
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- Q4.2. Work at a colleague’s dental office
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- Q4.3. Work in a group practice with more than 3 dentists
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- Q4.4. Work in a university clinic
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- Q4.5. Work in a public institution
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- Q4.6. Other
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- Q5.1. 0–5
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- Q5.2. 6–10
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- Q5.3. 11–15
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- Q5.4. 16–20
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- Q5.5. 21–25
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- Q5.6. 26–30
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- Q5.7. More than 31
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- Q6.1. Once per year
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- Q6.2. Twice per year
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- Q6.3. More than twice per year
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- Q6.4. I stock up when there are special offers
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- Q6.5. Whenever the previous stock runs out
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- Q6.6. I do not purchase materials myself; someone else handles procurement
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- Q6.7. I do not purchase resin-based materials because I specialize in an area that does not use them
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- Q7.1. Fewer than 20
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- Q7.2. 20–50
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- Q7.3. More than 50
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- Q7.4. I don’t know/prefer not to answer
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- Q7.5. Other: __________
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- Q8.1. Its composition
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- Q8.2. Its biocompatibility
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- Q8.3. Its potential adverse effects
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- Q8.4. Its lifespan
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- Q8.5. Its application method
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- Q8.6. Its type (hybrid, nanofilled, etc.)
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- Q9.1. Increased orders of resin-based materials
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- Q9.2. Decreased orders of resin-based materials
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- Q9.3. Greater interest in materials with easy and fast workflows
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- Q9.4. Less interest in materials with easy and fast workflows
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- Q9.5. More interest in trying new materials
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- Q9.6. Less interest in trying new materials
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- Q9.7. No significant change in preferences
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- Q9.8. I don’t know/prefer not to answer
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- Q9.9. Other: __________
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- Q10.1. Desired anatomical features
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- Q10.2. Available interdental space
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- Q10.3. Shade of adjacent teeth
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- Q10.4. Translucency and opacity of adjacent teeth
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- Q10.5. No specific criteria; I use whatever is in stock
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- Q10.6. Use only specialized anterior resins
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- Q10.7. I don’t know/prefer not to answer
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- Q10.8. Other: __________
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- Q11.1. Desired anatomical features
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- Q11.2. Available interdental space
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- Q11.3. Shade of adjacent teeth
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- Q11.4. No specific criteria; I use whatever is in stock
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- Q11.5. I don’t know/prefer not to answer
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- Q11.6. Other: __________
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- Q12.1. Amalgam
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- Q12.2. High-viscosity (packable) composite resin
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- Q12.3. Flowable composite resin
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- Q12.4. Bulk-fill resin composite
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- Q12.5. Glass ionomer cement
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- Q12.6. Other: __________
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- Q13.1. Price
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- Q13.2. Quality
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- Q13.3. Manufacturer’s reputation
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- Q13.4. Material properties (e.g., biocompatibility, strength)
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- Q13.5. Ease of handling
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- Q13.6. Availability on the market
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- Q13.7. Compliance with standards
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- Q13.8. Patient safety
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- Q13.9. Staff safety
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- Q13.10. Environmental reasons
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- Q14.1. Yes
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- Q14.2. No
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- Q14.3. I don’t know/prefer not to answer
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- Q15.1. Very important
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- Q15.2. Quite important
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- Q15.3. Moderately important
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- Q15.4. Indifferent
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- Q15.5. Not important
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- Q16.1. Biocompatibility
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- Q16.2. Depth of cure
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- Q16.3. Flexural strength
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- Q16.4. Water sorption
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- Q16.5. Solubility
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- Q16.6. Radiopacity
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- Q16.7. None
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- Q16.8. I don’t know/prefer not to answer
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- Q17.1. Lower cost
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- Q17.2. From a trusted brand
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- Q17.3. Easier to handle
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- Q17.4. With longer shelf life
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- Q17.5. Most important for me is that it meets ISO standards
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- Q17.6. I don’t know/prefer not to answer
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- Q17.7. Other: __________
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- Q18.1. Has greater color stability
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- Q18.2. Requires less curing time and thus less working time
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- Q18.3. Has greater radiopacity than dentin and is more visible on radiographs
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- Q18.4. I do not consider flexural strength important
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- Q18.5. I would not choose a material lacking this property for posterior teeth
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- Q18.6. I would not choose a material with inferior physical and mechanical properties
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- Q18.7. I don’t know/prefer not to answer
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- Q18.8. Other: __________
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- Q19.1. I like to try new materials frequently to see what works best.
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- Q19.2. I look for published studies on effectiveness and longevity before trying a new material.
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- Q19.3. I prefer materials with a long record of clinical success before adopting them.
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- Q19.4. I rarely try new aesthetic materials.
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- Q19.5. I am interested in trying new generations of materials I already trust.
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- Q19.6. I almost never change the aesthetic resin materials I use unless they become unavailable.
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- Q19.7. I trust the materials I learned to use during dental school.
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- Q19.8. I generally trust materials that offer longer working time.
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- Q19.9. I trust materials that colleagues often speak positively about.
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- Q19.10. I trust materials promoted through printed advertising.
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- Q19.11. I trust materials promoted through digital media.
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- Q19.12. I have not noticed any conscious behavior when choosing direct aesthetic materials.
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- Q20.1. Compliance with ISO standards
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- Q20.2. Opinion of a trusted colleague about the product
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- Q20.3. Any discount offer from my supplier
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- Q20.4. Shelf life of the material
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- Q20.5. The carbon footprint of the product
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- Q20.6. Longevity of clinical restorations with the material
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- Q21.1. Appearance of the packaging
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- Q21.2. Environmental footprint of the packaging
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- Q21.3. Extensive promotional activities
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- Q21.4. Ease of procurement
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- Q21.5. Volume of packaging waste
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- Q21.6. Compliance with ISO standards
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Gender (Female vs. Male Dentists) | Age (over 45 Years vs. Younger) | Dental School (Foreign vs. Domestic) | Postgraduate Studies in Dentistry | Clinical Experience (over 5 Years vs. up to 5 Years) | Employment (Private Clinic vs. Other) | Purchasing Resin Restorations over 2 Times/Year | Not Responsible for Supply of Resin Restorations | Performing over 20 Composite Resin Restorations per Week | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge about resin materials | −0.152 | 0.236 * | 0.118 | 0.175 | 0.214 * | 0.055 | 0.062 | −0.052 | 0.195 |
1. Composition | −0.085 | 0.163 | 0.118 | 0.164 | 0.230 * | −0.044 | 0.061 | −0.153 | 0.206 |
2. Biocompatibility | −0.248 * | 0.045 | 0.158 | 0.138 | −0.014 | −0.015 | 0.129 | 0.098 | 0.081 |
3. Side effects | −0.084 | 0.135 | −0.052 | 0.072 | 0.033 | −0.041 | 0.072 | 0.179 | 0.041 |
4. Shelf life | −0.024 | 0.208 | 0.116 | 0.039 | 0.223 * | 0.170 | 0.110 | −0.145 | 0.149 |
5. Method of application | −0.012 | 0.214 * | 0.107 | 0.186 | 0.159 | 0.028 | −0.164 | 0.039 | 0.100 |
6. Type of material | −0.165 | 0.137 | 0.072 | 0.161 | 0.177 | 0.097 | −0.099 | −0.115 | 0.141 |
N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Familiarity with specifications for dental resin restorative materials | Yes | 55 | 71.4% |
No | 22 | 28.6% | |
Importance of resin restorative material compliance with specifications | Very high | 28 | 32.2% |
High | 47 | 54.0% | |
Moderate | 12 | 13.8% | |
Features priority when choosing resin restorative materials | Biocompatibility | 21 | 25.9% |
Photopolymerization depth | 13 | 16.0% | |
Bending strength | 28 | 34.6% | |
Water absorbency, solubility, etc. | 19 | 23.5% | |
Green practice but falls slightly short of some of the ISO specifications | Certainly yes | 4 | 4.9% |
It depends on the specifications | 45 | 54.9% | |
No, for me ISO standards are the most important selection criterion | 33 | 40.2% |
Total Sample | Clinical Experience (in Years) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Up to 5 Years | Over 5 Years | |||||
N | % | N | % | |||
What are the selection criteria for the resin materials you choose for anterior tooth restorations? | ||||||
It depends on the anatomical features I want to achieve | 47 | 54.0% | 31 | 70.5% | 16 | 37.2% |
It depends on the interdental space that exists | 14 | 16.1% | 10 | 22.7% | 4 | 9.3% |
It depends on the color of the neighboring teeth | 44 | 50.6% | 25 | 56.8% | 19 | 44.2% |
It depends on the transparency and opacity of the neighboring teeth | 49 | 56.3% | 29 | 65.9% | 20 | 46.5% |
I do not have a specific criterion, I use what I have in stock | 6 | 6.9% | 4 | 9.1% | 2 | 4.7% |
I only use special anterior resins | 32 | 36.8% | 10 | 22.7% | 22 | 51.2% |
What are the selection criteria for the resin materials you choose for posterior tooth restorations? | ||||||
It depends on the anatomical features I want to achieve | 48 | 55.2% | 29 | 65.9% | 19 | 44.2% |
It depends on the interdental space that exists | 24 | 27.6% | 15 | 34.1% | 9 | 20.9% |
It depends on the color of the neighboring teeth | 25 | 28.7% | 14 | 31.8% | 11 | 25.6% |
I do not have a specific criterion, I use what I have in stock | 24 | 27.6% | 10 | 22.7% | 14 | 32.6% |
Selection Criteria for the Resin Materials | Gender (Female vs. Male) | Age (over 45 Years) | Dental School (Foreign vs. Domestic) | Postgraduate Studies in Dentistry | Clinical Experience (>5 Years) | Employment (Private Clinic vs. Other) | Purchasing Resin Restorations over 2 Times/Year | Not Responsible for Supply of Resin Restorations | Performing over 20 Restorations/Week |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
What are the selection criteria for the resin materials you choose for anterior tooth restorations? | |||||||||
It depends on the anatomical features I want to achieve | −0.043 | −0.204 | 0.055 | −0.134 | −0.334 ** | −0.090 | 0.021 | 0.120 | −0.315 ** |
It depends on the interdental space that exists | −0.108 | −0.054 | −0.117 | −0.020 | −0.183 | 0.017 | 0.044 | 0.112 | −0.071 |
It depends on the color of the neighboring teeth | 0.080 | −0.105 | 0.025 | −0.127 | −0.126 | 0.033 | 0.166 | 0.017 | −0.160 |
It depends on the transparency and opacity of the neighboring teeth | 0.185 | −0.239 * | −0.028 | −0.076 | −0.196 | −0.188 | 0.090 | 0.040 | −0.164 |
I do not have a specific criterion, I use what I have in stock | −0.028 | −0.007 | −0.124 | 0.068 | −0.088 | 0.154 | −0.085 | 0.014 | 0.126 |
I only use special anterior resins | 0.017 | 0.199 | 0.030 | 0.337 ** | 0.295 ** | −0.127 | 0.004 | −0.151 | 0.113 |
What are the selection criteria for the resin materials you choose for posterior tooth restorations? | |||||||||
It depends on the anatomical features I want to achieve | 0.071 | −0.173 | 0.044 | 0.085 | −0.218 * | −0.162 | 0.105 | 0.055 | −0.133 |
It depends on the interdental space that exists | 0.091 | −0.123 | −0.077 | −0.058 | −0.147 | −0.012 | 0.142 | −0.025 | −0.037 |
It depends on the color of the neighboring teeth | −0.041 | 0.020 | −0.021 | 0.132 | −0.069 | 0.164 | 0.178 | −0.097 | −0.057 |
I do not have a specific criterion; I use what I have in stock | −0.116 | −0.015 | −0.009 | −0.164 | 0.110 | 0.039 | −0.192 | 0.086 | −0.018 |
I do not know/do not answer | 0.097 | −0.078 | −0.049 | −0.084 | −0.107 | 0.097 | −0.072 | −0.072 | −0.083 |
Gender (Female vs. Male) | Age (over 45 Years) | Dental School (Foreign vs. Domestic) | Post-Grad Studies in Dentistry | Clinical Experience (over 5 Years) | Employment (Private Clinic vs. Other) | Purchasing Resin Restorations over 2 Times/Year | Not Responsible for Supply of Resin Restorations | Performing over 20 Restorations/Week | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Familiarity with specifications | −0.033 | 0.076 | 0.132 | −0.108 | 0.231 * | −0.041 | 0.254 * | −0.341 ** | 0.163 |
Specifications importance | 0.109 | 0.150 | 0.094 | 0.038 | 0.195 | −0.025 | 0.052 | −0.092 | 0.095 |
Features priority when choosing resin restorative materials | |||||||||
Biocompatibility | 0.232 * | 0.136 | 0.177 | 0.213 | 0.106 | −0.106 | −0.105 | 0.093 | −0.026 |
Photopolymerization depth | −0.162 | −0.084 | −0.022 | −0.147 | 0.050 | −0.117 | −0.084 | −0.001 | 0.113 |
Bending strength | −0.204 | −0.111 | 0.011 | −0.056 | −0.233 * | 0.181 | 0.112 | −0.092 | −0.078 |
Water absorbency, Solubility, etc. | 0.130 | 0.056 | −0.176 | −0.030 | 0.108 | 0.009 | 0.056 | 0.009 | 0.019 |
Green practice but falls slightly short of some of the ISO specifications | |||||||||
Certainly yes | 0.092 | 0.181 | 0.066 | 0.057 | 0.113 | −0.028 | 0.211 | −0.021 | 0.182 |
It depends on the specifications | 0.114 | −0.176 | 0.029 | −0.001 | −0.025 | −0.061 | −0.172 | 0.099 | 0.020 |
No, for me ISO standards are the most important selection criterion | −0.155 | 0.099 | −0.058 | −0.024 | −0.025 | 0.075 | 0.082 | −0.091 | −0.102 |
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Kontakou Zoniou, A.; Antoniadou, M.; Saridou, S. Selection of Resin-Based Dental Restorative Materials: A Pilot Study on Professional Characteristics, Knowledge, and Selection Criteria. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 7987. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147987
Kontakou Zoniou A, Antoniadou M, Saridou S. Selection of Resin-Based Dental Restorative Materials: A Pilot Study on Professional Characteristics, Knowledge, and Selection Criteria. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(14):7987. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147987
Chicago/Turabian StyleKontakou Zoniou, Anna, Maria Antoniadou, and Sofia Saridou. 2025. "Selection of Resin-Based Dental Restorative Materials: A Pilot Study on Professional Characteristics, Knowledge, and Selection Criteria" Applied Sciences 15, no. 14: 7987. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147987
APA StyleKontakou Zoniou, A., Antoniadou, M., & Saridou, S. (2025). Selection of Resin-Based Dental Restorative Materials: A Pilot Study on Professional Characteristics, Knowledge, and Selection Criteria. Applied Sciences, 15(14), 7987. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147987