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Article

Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems

by
Ayman Massaoudi
1,2,*,
Abdelwahed Berguiga
1,2,
Ahlem Harchay
1,2,
Mossaad Ben Ayed
3,4 and
Hafedh Belmabrouk
5
1
Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Arts in Gurayat, Jouf University, Sakakah 72388, Saudi Arabia
2
Olive Research Center, Jouf University, Sakakah 72388, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Electronic Industrial, ENISo, Sousse University, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
4
Computer and Embedded Systems Laboratory, ENIS, Sfax University, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
5
Department of Physics, College of Science at Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah 15341, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 10739; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910739
Submission received: 21 August 2023 / Revised: 22 September 2023 / Accepted: 24 September 2023 / Published: 27 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Smart Technologies in Water Resource Management)

Abstract

Precision agriculture, also referred to as smart farming, is one of the main pillars of modern society to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Precision agriculture aims to improve the quality and quantity of production while conserving scarce natural resources. Smart farming has grown in recent years thanks to the adoption of modern technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this work, we consider an irrigation system for olive orchards based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Specifically, UAVs ensure remote sensing (RS), which offers the advantage of collecting vital information on a large temporal and spatial scale (which cannot be achieved with traditional technologies). However, UAV-based irrigation systems face tremendous challenges due to the various requirements of a powerful computing ability, battery capacity, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency for different connected devices. This paper addresses the energy efficiency and spectral efficiency trade-off problem of UAV-based irrigation systems. We propose to adopt massive multiple input, multiple output (M-MIMO) technology to ensure wireless communication. In fact, this technology plays a significant role in future sixth-generation (6G) wireless mobile networks and has the potential to enhance the energy efficiency as well as the spectral efficiency. We design a network model with a three-layered architecture and analytically compute the achievable spectral efficiency and the energy efficiency of the studied system. Then, we numerically determine the optimal number of ground base station antennas as well as the optimal number of IoT devices that should be used to ensure the maximum energy efficiency while guaranteeing a high spectral efficiency. The numerical results prove that the proposed UAV-based irrigation system outperforms conventional systems and demonstrate that the best spectral and energy efficiency trade-off is obtained by using the M-MMSE combiner.
Keywords: precision agriculture; irrigation; olive; unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); remote sensing; massive MIMO; spectral efficiency; energy efficiency; 6G precision agriculture; irrigation; olive; unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); remote sensing; massive MIMO; spectral efficiency; energy efficiency; 6G

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Massaoudi, A.; Berguiga, A.; Harchay, A.; Ben Ayed, M.; Belmabrouk, H. Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 10739. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910739

AMA Style

Massaoudi A, Berguiga A, Harchay A, Ben Ayed M, Belmabrouk H. Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(19):10739. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910739

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massaoudi, Ayman, Abdelwahed Berguiga, Ahlem Harchay, Mossaad Ben Ayed, and Hafedh Belmabrouk. 2023. "Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems" Applied Sciences 13, no. 19: 10739. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910739

APA Style

Massaoudi, A., Berguiga, A., Harchay, A., Ben Ayed, M., & Belmabrouk, H. (2023). Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems. Applied Sciences, 13(19), 10739. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910739

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