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Behavioral Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 11
10.3390/bs15111503
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Article

Validating a Four-Factor Model of Psychopathic Personality from the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) Across Community and Incarcerated Samples †

by
Sandeep Roy
1,*,
Mariia Mezhenska
2,
Craig S. Neumann
2,*,
Nicola S. Gray
3,4 and
Robert J. Snowden
5
1
Department of Psychology, San Antonio State Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78223, USA
2
Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76205, USA
3
Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
4
Department of Psychology, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Bridgend CF31 4LN, UK
5
School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
This paper is an extended version of our paper published in Neumann, C. S., Lynam, D., Miller, J. D., Uzieblo, K., van Dongen, J. D., & Brazil, I. (2017, May 22–24). Three- seven- or four-factor structure of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM)? 7th Biennial Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy (SSSP 2017), Antwerp, Belgium.
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111503
Submission received: 25 June 2025 / Revised: 11 September 2025 / Accepted: 24 October 2025 / Published: 5 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Externalizing and Antisocial Behavior Across the Lifespan)
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Abstract

The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) is based on a three-dimensional conceptual model, though structural analyses of the TriPM items indicate that they do not reflect this conceptual model. In contrast, studies have shown that multiple factors are required to account for all the TriPM items in community and incarcerated samples. More problematic is that some of these factors are outside of the nomological network of psychopathy. In contrast, there are empirically robust findings supporting the four-factor model of psychopathy, irrespective of sample type, assessment method, or item set. For the current study, a structural equation modeling approach was utilized with incarcerated and community samples to demonstrate that theoretically relevant candidate items from the TriPM could be employed to represent the four-factor model of psychopathy (i.e., four-factor proxy measure—4FPM). Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis of the 4FPM items provided evidence of strong (scalar) invariance across community and incarcerated samples. Finally, associations with external correlates and other psychopathy scales highlighted that the 4FPM can be utilized to represent the four-factor model of psychopathy.
Keywords: psychopathy; PCL-R; SRP-SF; TriPM; measurement invariance; SEM psychopathy; PCL-R; SRP-SF; TriPM; measurement invariance; SEM

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MDPI and ACS Style

Roy, S.; Mezhenska, M.; Neumann, C.S.; Gray, N.S.; Snowden, R.J. Validating a Four-Factor Model of Psychopathic Personality from the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) Across Community and Incarcerated Samples. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111503

AMA Style

Roy S, Mezhenska M, Neumann CS, Gray NS, Snowden RJ. Validating a Four-Factor Model of Psychopathic Personality from the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) Across Community and Incarcerated Samples. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(11):1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111503

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy, Sandeep, Mariia Mezhenska, Craig S. Neumann, Nicola S. Gray, and Robert J. Snowden. 2025. "Validating a Four-Factor Model of Psychopathic Personality from the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) Across Community and Incarcerated Samples" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 11: 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111503

APA Style

Roy, S., Mezhenska, M., Neumann, C. S., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2025). Validating a Four-Factor Model of Psychopathic Personality from the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) Across Community and Incarcerated Samples. Behavioral Sciences, 15(11), 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111503

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