The Effects of Occupation, Education and Dwelling Place on Attitudes towards Animal Welfare in China
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Education Level
3.2. Occupation
3.3. Dwelling Place
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Questions and Responses | High School Group Mean Score | Comparison Education Groups | Mean Scores | Odds Ratio | Coef. | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Have you heard of the phrase ‘animal welfare’? 1 (Never) to 3 (Many times) 1 | 2.72 | Technical college | 2.37 | 2.05 | 0.71 | 1.38 | 3.04 | <0.0001 |
Middle school | 2.19 | 3.82 | 1.34 | 2.53 | 5.77 | <0.0001 | ||
Undergraduate | 2.10 | 4.35 | 1.46 | 2.69 | 7.03 | <0.0001 | ||
Elementary school | 2.29 | 2.63 | 0.96 | 1.92 | 3.60 | <0.0001 | ||
Do you live in harmony with animals? 1 (Not at all) to 5 (Extremely) 2 | 3.63 | Technical college | 3.06 | 1.89 | 0.63 | 1.31 | 2.74 | 0.001 |
Middle school | 2.96 | 2.04 | 0.71 | 1.40 | 2.97 | <0.0001 | ||
Undergraduate | 2.90 | 2.15 | 0.76 | 1.39 | 3.32 | 0.001 | ||
Elementary school | 3.21 | 1.55 | 0.43 | 1.16 | 2.07 | 0.003 | ||
How important is caring for animals to you as a person? 1 (Not at all) to 5 (Extremely) 2 | 3.82 | Technical college | 3.17 | 2.60 | 0.95 | 1.79 | 3.78 | <0.0001 |
Middle school | 3.21 | 2.29 | 0.82 | 1.56 | 3.35 | <0.0001 | ||
Undergraduate | 2.99 | 2.90 | 1.06 | 1.87 | 4.51 | <0.0001 | ||
Elementary school | 3.40 | 1.74 | 0.55 | 1.30 | 2.34 | <0.0001 | ||
Do you think that animal care should be taught in schools? 1 (Definitely not) to 5 (Definitely) 3 | 3.43 | Technical college | 3.06 | 1.75 | 0.55 | 1.21 | 2.53 | 0.003 |
Middle school | 2.96 | 2.29 | 0.82 | 1.57 | 3.34 | <0.0001 | ||
Undergraduate | 2.88 | 2.75 | 1.01 | 1.78 | 4.25 | <0.0001 | ||
Elementary school | 3.07 | 1.79 | 0.58 | 1.34 | 2.40 | <0.0001 | ||
Would you be willing to pay more for products from animals that are better cared for? (1 = yes, 2 = no) | 1.28 | Technical college | 1.50 | |||||
Middle school | 1.49 | |||||||
Undergraduate | 1.48 | |||||||
Elementary school | 1.29 | |||||||
Postgraduate | 1.28 | 1.13 | 0.13 | 1.07 | 1.22 | <0.0001 | ||
How much more would you be willing to pay for a product from an animal very well cared for compared with the standard product? 1 (5%) to 6 (>100%) 4 | 2.41 | Undergraduate | 1.89 | 2.35 | 0.85 | 1.47 | 3.74 | <0.0001 |
Postgraduate | 2.88 | 0.53 | −0.62 | 0.34 | 0.83 | 0.005 | ||
How do you think the standard of animal care in China compares to other countries? 1 (Much worse) to 5 (Much Better) 5 | 2.38 | Postgraduate | 2.07 | 2.38 | 0.86 | 1.51 | 3.75 | <0.0001 |
How important is it that the following animals are cared for? 1 (Not at all important) to 5 (Very important) 6 Mammals | 4.27 | Technical college | 3.89 | 2.46 | 0.89 | 1.65 | 3.65 | <0.0001 |
Middle school | 3.78 | 2.98 | 1.09 | 1.99 | 4.46 | <0.0001 | ||
Undergraduate | 3.71 | 3.02 | 1.10 | 1.90 | 4.79 | <0.0001 | ||
Elementary school | 3.95 | 1.97 | 0.67 | 1.44 | 2.69 | <0.0001 | ||
Reptiles | 4.17 | Technical college | 3.91 | 1.80 | 0.58 | 1.22 | 2.65 | 0.003 |
Middle school | 3.75 | 2.32 | 0.84 | 1.56 | 3.45 | <0.0001 | ||
Undergraduate | 3.61 | 3.10 | 1.13 | 1.97 | 4.87 | <0.0001 | ||
Birds | 4.22 | Technical college | 3.95 | 2.09 | 0.73 | 1.42 | 3.09 | <0.0001 |
Middle school | 3.86 | 2.28 | 0.82 | 1.54 | 3.38 | <0.0001 | ||
Undergraduate | 3.77 | 2.80 | 1.03 | 1.78 | 4.41 | <0.0001 | ||
Elementary school | 3.98 | 1.69 | 0.52 | 1.24 | 2.29 | 0.001 | ||
Insects | 3.95 | Undergraduate | 3.57 | 1.86 | 0.61 | 1.20 | 2.87 | 0.005 |
Pet animals | 4.35 | Technical college | 4.05 | 1.81 | 0.59 | 1.23 | 2.68 | 0.003 |
Middle school | 3.92 | 2.04 | 0.71 | 1.37 | 3.03 | <0.0001 | ||
Elementary school | 4.07 | 1.56 | 0.44 | 1.15 | 2.12 | 0.004 | ||
Agricultural animals | 4.36 | Technical college | 4.05 | 2.19 | 0.78 | 1.48 | 3.24 | <0.0001 |
Middle school | 4.06 | 1.93 | 0.65 | 1.30 | 2.87 | 0.001 | ||
Undergraduate | 4.00 | 2.21 | 0.79 | 1.40 | 3.48 | 0.001 | ||
Stray animals | 4.28 | Technical college | 4.04 | 1.74 | 0.55 | 1.18 | 2.55 | 0.005 |
Middle school | 3.94 | 1.79 | 0.58 | 1.21 | 2.65 | 0.004 | ||
Undergraduate | 3.83 | 2.32 | 0.84 | 1.48 | 3.64 | <0.0001 | ||
Why do people take care of farm animals? Indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with the following reasons 1 (Strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly agree) 7 It is important for food safety | 4.19 | Technical college | 3.89 | 1.76 | 0.56 | 1.19 | 2.60 | 0.005 |
Undergraduate | 3.75 | 2.00 | 0.69 | 1.26 | 3.16 | 0.003 | ||
It is important for the sake of the environment | 4.29 | Undergraduate | 3.83 | 2.31 | 0.83 | 1.46 | 3.65 | <0.0001 |
It makes me feel good | 4.1 | Undergraduate | 3.70 | 2.57 | 0.94 | 1.65 | 4.02 | <0.0001 |
Elementary school | 3.87 | 1.55 | 0.43 | 1.14 | 2.09 | 0.004 | ||
Postgraduate | 4.37 | 0.46 | −0.77 | 0.29 | 0.74 | 0.001 | ||
It is good for human health | 4.13 | Undergraduate | 4.21 | 2.07 | 0.72 | 1.32 | 3.22 | 0.001 |
Elementary school | 3.91 | 1.55 | 0.43 | 1.15 | 2.09 | 0.004 | ||
Postgraduate | 4.36 | 0.50 | −0.70 | 0.31 | 0.79 | 0.003 | ||
To improve product quality or taste | 4.26 | Undergraduate | 3.93 | 2.11 | 0.74 | 1.34 | 3.31 | 0.001 |
Elementary school | 4.09 | 1.70 | 0.52 | 1.25 | 2.30 | 0.001 | ||
How important are the following conditions in animal care? 1 (Not at all important) to 5 (Very important) Species-relevant nutrition | 4.31 | Middle school | 3.96 | 1.82 | 0.59 | 1.22 | 2.72 | 0.003 |
Undergraduate | 3.80 | 2.27 | 0.82 | 1.43 | 3.61 | 0.001 | ||
Access to drinking water | 4.31 | Undergraduate | 3.82 | 2.77 | 1.01 | 1.75 | 4.39 | <0.0001 |
A comfortable environment | 4.36 | Undergraduate | 3.87 | 2.51 | 0.91 | 1.58 | 3.98 | <0.0001 |
Space | 4.38 | Undergraduate | 3.96 | 2.58 | 0.94 | 1.63 | 4.07 | <0.0001 |
Physical fitness | 4.43 | Undergraduate | 4.12 | 2.11 | 1.74 | 1.33 | 3.35 | 0.001 |
Opportunity to perform natural behaviours | 4.30 | Technical college | 4.04 | 1.76 | 0.56 | 1.20 | 2.58 | 0.004 |
Undergraduate | 3.83 | 2.39 | 0.87 | 1.53 | 3.75 | <0.0001 | ||
Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements 1 (Strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly agree) 7 Farms with animals should be certified by animal protection organisations | 4.15 | Technical college | 3.84 | 1.95 | 0.66 | 1.32 | 2.87 | 0.001 |
Middle school | 3.79 | 1.98 | 0.68 | 1.33 | 2.94 | 0.001 | ||
Undergraduate | 3.63 | 2.46 | 0.90 | 1.56 | 3.88 | <0.0001 | ||
Transportation time of live animals should be minimised | 4.17 | Technical college | 3.86 | 2.22 | 0.79 | 1.50 | 3.28 | <0.0001 |
Middle school | 3.86 | 1.87 | 0.62 | 1.26 | 2.77 | 0.002 | ||
Undergraduate | 3.89 | 1.96 | 0.67 | 1.24 | 3.07 | 0.004 | ||
Animals on farms should be provided with enjoyable experiences | 4.21 | Undergraduate | 3.98 | 2.08 | 0.73 | 1.32 | 3.27 | 0.002 |
It is OK to buy products of animals that have suffered if the product quality is good enough | 3.11 | Postgraduate | 3.39 | 0.53 | −0.64 | 0.34 | 0.81 | 0.004 |
It is OK to buy products of animals that have suffered if the price is low enough | 3.00 | Postgraduate | 3.44 | 0.44 | −0.81 | 0.29 | 0.69 | <0.0001 |
Animals should be unconscious (stunned) before they are killed | 3.96 | Middle school | 3.69 | 2.00 | 0.69 | 1.36 | 2.94 | <0.0001 |
Undergraduate | 3.7 | 2.28 | 0.82 | 1.47 | 3.55 | <0.0001 | ||
Elementary school | 3.78 | 1.59 | 0.46 | 1.18 | 2.14 | 0.002 | ||
Postgraduate | 4.16 | 0.51 | −0.66 | 0.32 | 0.81 | 0.005 | ||
Animals should be killed before being cooked | 4.11 | Postgraduate | 4.38 | 0.37 | −0.98 | 0.23 | 0.60 | <0.0001 |
It is important to have legislation that ensures animal care is adequate | 4.37 | Middle school | 4.05 | 1.90 | 0.64 | 1.28 | 2.82 | 0.002 |
Undergraduate | 4.04 | 2.19 | 0.78 | 1.39 | 3.45 | 0.001 | ||
Animal protection organisations are important in ensuring animals are adequately cared for | 4.39 | Undergraduate | 3.93 | 2.86 | 1.04 | 1.81 | 4.50 | <0.0001 |
Questions and Responses | Other Group Mean Score | Comparison Occupation Groups | Mean Scores | Odds Ratio | Coef. | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Where did you learn about caring for animals? Family and friends (1 = no, 2 = yes) | 1.37 | Agriculture | 1.35 | 0.79 | −0.04 | 0.67 | 0.98 | 0.005 |
Arts | 1.31 | |||||||
Construction | 1.44 | |||||||
Education | 1.42 | |||||||
Finance | 1.23 | |||||||
Government | 1.35 | |||||||
Health | 1.35 | |||||||
Mining | 1.22 | |||||||
Retail/Sales | 1.25 | |||||||
Science | 1.13 | |||||||
Technology | 1.27 | |||||||
Administration | 1.36 | |||||||
How much more would you be willing to pay for a product from an animal very well cared for compared with the standard product? 1 (5%) to 6 (>100%) 1 | 2.00 | Agriculture | 2.42 | 0.47 | −0.74 | 0.32 | 0.69 | <0.0001 |
Arts | 2.80 | 0.24 | −1.43 | 0.12 | 0.46 | <0.0001 | ||
Education | 2.46 | 0.39 | −0.92 | 0.25 | 0.63 | <0.0001 | ||
Health | 2.64 | 0.39 | −0.93 | 0.23 | 0.67 | 0.001 | ||
Administration | 2.47 | 0.41 | −0.89 | 0.25 | 0.66 | <0.0001 | ||
How do you think the standard of animal care in China compares to other countries? 1 (Much worse) to 5 (Much Better) 2 | 2.39 | Science | 3.08 | 0.17 | −1.74 | 0.08 | 0.40 | <0.0001 |
How important are the following conditions in animal care? Indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with the following reasons 1 (Not at all important) to 5 (Very important) 3 Control over their environment | 4.16 | Health | 4.46 | 0.44 | −0.81 | 0.25 | 0.78 | 0.005 |
Questions and Responses | Urban Group Mean Score | Comparison Dwell Groups | Mean Scores | Odds Ratio | Coef. | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Have you heard of the phrase ‘animal welfare’? 1 (Never) to 3 (Many times) 1 | 2.62 | Village | 2.28 | 2.03 | 0.70 | 1.54 | 2.68 | <0.0001 |
Rural | 2.04 | 3.96 | 1.37 | 2.67 | 5.86 | <0.0001 | ||
Other | 3.14 | 0.20 | −1.60 | 0.07 | 0.58 | 0.003 | ||
Do you live in harmony with animals? | 3.52 | Village | 3.02 | 1.95 | 0.66 | 1.95 | 2.52 | <0.0001 |
1 (Not at all) to 5 (Extremely) 2 | Rural | 2.97 | 1.89 | 0.63 | 1.89 | 2.68 | <0.0001 | |
How important is caring for animals to you as a person? | 3.66 | Village | 3.28 | 1.79 | 0.58 | 1.39 | 2.32 | <0.0001 |
1 (Not at all) to 5 (Extremely) 2 | Rural | 3.07 | 2.21 | 0.79 | 1.55 | 3.16 | <0.0001 | |
Where did you learn about caring for animals? | ||||||||
Family and friends (1 = no, 2 = yes) | 1.38 | Village | 1.29 | 0.79 | −0.22 | 0.67 | 0.93 | 0.005 |
Rural | 1.30 | |||||||
Other | 1.36 | |||||||
Animal protection organisation (1 = no, 2 = yes) | 1.98 | Village | 1.56 | 0.70 | −0.35 | 0.54 | 0.90 | 0.004 |
Rural | 1.60 | |||||||
Other | 1.43 | |||||||
Social media (1 = no, 2 = yes) | 1.30 | Village | 1.33 | 0.75 | −0.27 | 0.63 | 0.90 | 0.002 |
Rural | 1.11 | |||||||
Other | 1.29 | |||||||
Farmer (1 = no, 2 = yes) | 1.05 | Village | 1.03 | 1.69 | 0.52 | 1.28 | 2.22 | <0.0001 |
Rural | 1.13 | |||||||
Other | 1.35 | |||||||
Do you think that animal care should be taught in schools? | 3.33 | Village | 2.93 | 1.78 | 0.57 | 1.38 | 2.29 | <0.0001 |
1 (Definitely not) to 5 (Definitely) 3 | ||||||||
Would you be willing to pay more for products from animals that are better cared for? (1 = yes, 2 = no) | 1.35 | Village | 1.45 | 1.40 | 0.33 | 1.20 | 1.63 | <0.0001 |
Rural | 1.61 | |||||||
Other | 1.21 | |||||||
How much more would you be willing to pay for a product from an animal very well cared for compared with the standard product? | 2.34 | Other | 4.21 | 0.07 | −2.63 | 0.03 | 0.19 | <0.0001 |
1 (5%) to 6 (>100%) 4 | ||||||||
How do you think the standard of animal care in China compares to other countries? | 2.57 | Other | 3.52 | 0.18 | −1.71 | 0.06 | 0.51 | 0.001 |
1 (Much worse) to 5 (Much Better) 5 | ||||||||
How important is it that the following animals are cared for? | 4.14 | Rural | 3.71 | 1.76 | 0.56 | 1.23 | 2.53 | 0.002 |
1 (Not at all important) to 5 (Very important) 6 | ||||||||
Birds | ||||||||
Insects | 3.93 | Rural | 3.46 | 1.98 | 0.68 | 1.39 | 2.81 | <0.0001 |
Pet animals | 4.25 | Rural | 3.77 | 0.64 | 0.86 | 1.64 | 3.41 | <0.0001 |
Experimental animals | 4.24 | Rural | 3.91 | 1.85 | 0.61 | 1.29 | 2.67 | 0.001 |
Agricultural animals | 4.28 | Rural | 3.90 | 1.85 | 0.61 | 1.28 | 2.67 | 0.001 |
Stray animals | 4.22 | Rural | 3.72 | 2.24 | 0.80 | 1.56 | 3.21 | <0.0001 |
Wildlife | 4.30 | Rural | 3.95 | 1.68 | 0.51 | 1.16 | 2.41 | 0.005 |
Why do people take care of farm animals? Indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with the following reasons | 4.00 | Other | 4.57 | 1.19 | 0.17 | 0.83 | 1.70 | 0.005 |
1 (Strongly disagree) to | ||||||||
5 (Strongly agree) 7 | ||||||||
It makes me feel good | ||||||||
How important are the following conditions in animal care? | 4.31 | Rural | 4.00 | 1.84 | 0.60 | 1.28 | 2.65 | 0.001 |
1 (Not at all important) to 5 | ||||||||
(Very important) 6 | ||||||||
Absence of pain | ||||||||
Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements | 3.33 | Other | 4.28 | 0.19 | −1.6 | 0.07 | 0.55 | 0.002 |
1 (Strongly disagree) to | ||||||||
5 (Strongly agree) 7 | ||||||||
Procedures performed on animals such as ear tags, castrations and tail breaks are acceptable for management | ||||||||
It is OK to buy products of animals that have suffered if the price is low enough | 3.06 | Other | 4.14 | 0.23 | −1.47 | 0.08 | 0.64 | 0.005 |
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Carnovale, F.; Xiao, J.; Shi, B.; Arney, D.R.; Phillips, C.J.C. The Effects of Occupation, Education and Dwelling Place on Attitudes towards Animal Welfare in China. Animals 2024, 14, 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050713
Carnovale F, Xiao J, Shi B, Arney DR, Phillips CJC. The Effects of Occupation, Education and Dwelling Place on Attitudes towards Animal Welfare in China. Animals. 2024; 14(5):713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050713
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarnovale, Francesca, Jin Xiao, Binlin Shi, David R. Arney, and Clive J. C. Phillips. 2024. "The Effects of Occupation, Education and Dwelling Place on Attitudes towards Animal Welfare in China" Animals 14, no. 5: 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050713
APA StyleCarnovale, F., Xiao, J., Shi, B., Arney, D. R., & Phillips, C. J. C. (2024). The Effects of Occupation, Education and Dwelling Place on Attitudes towards Animal Welfare in China. Animals, 14(5), 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050713